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Review of the fabrication and characterization of diamond photonic components

Gibson, Brant, Huntington, Shane

Published Jan 1, 2010• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Since diamond can act as both an optical source and a waveguiding material, there is a great deal of interest in realizing true quantum information processing (QIP) using an all-diamond solution. A key motivator for the need of diamond photonic devices is the requirement to connect single photon centers (SPS) together. Optical structures such as waveguides or microcavities can enable the transfer of these pieces of quantum information. The fabrication of monolithic photonic devices in diamond for QIP has attracted significant attention from a number of research groups. This chapter examines the cunent state-of-the-art with regards to micro-machining diamond, presents a number of photonic structures and waveguiding results, and examines the future direction of diamond photonics.

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Since diamond can act as both an optical source and a waveguiding material, there is a great deal of interest in realizing true quantum information processing (QIP) using an all-diamond solution. A key motivator for the need of diamond photonic devices is the requirement to connect single photon centers (SPS) together. Optical structures such as waveguides or microcavities can enable the transfer of these pieces of quantum information. The fabrication of monolithic photonic devices in diamond for QIP has attracted significant attention from a number of research groups. This chapter examines the cunent state-of-the-art with regards to micro-machining diamond, presents a number of photonic structures and waveguiding results, and examines the future direction of diamond photonics.
Integrated photonic circuits promise to be foundational for applications in quantum information and sensing technologies, through their ability to confine and manipulate light. A key role in such technologies may be played by spin-active quantum emitters, which can be used to store quantum information or as sensitive probes of the local environment. A leading candidate is the negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV−) diamond color center, whose ground spin state can be optically read out, exhibiting long (≈1 ms) coherence times at room temperature. These properties have driven research toward the integration of photonic circuits in the bulk of diamond with the development of techniques allowing fabrication of optical waveguides. In particular, femtosecond laser writing has emerged as a powerful technique, capable of writing light guiding structures with 3D configurations as well as creating NV complexes. In this Perspective, the physical mechanisms behind laser fabrication in diamond will be reviewed. The properties of waveguides, single- and ensemble-NV centers, will be analyzed, together with the possibility to combine such structures in integrated photonic devices, which can find direct application in quantum information and sensing.
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The past decade has seen great advances in developing color centers in diamond for sensing, quantum information processing, and tests of quantum foundations. Increasingly, the success of these applications as well as fundamental investigations of light-matter interaction depend on improved control of optical interactions with color centers -- from better fluorescence collection to efficient and precise coupling with confined single optical modes. Wide ranging research efforts have been undertaken to address these demands through advanced nanofabrication of diamond. This review will cover recent advances in diamond nano- and microphotonic structures for efficient light collection, color center to nanocavity coupling, hybrid integration of diamond devices with other material systems, and the wide range of fabrication methods that have enabled these complex photonic diamond systems.
Recently, developments in novel and high-purity materials allow for the presence of a single, solitary crystalline defect to define the electronic, magnetic, and optical functionality of a device. The discrete nature of the active dopant, whose properties are defined by a quantum mechanical description of its structure, enables radically new quantum investigations and applications in these arenas. Finally,there has been significant development in large-scale device engineering due to mature semiconductor manufacturing techniques. The diverse set of photonic device architectures offering light confinement, guiding, and extraction is a prime example. These three paradigms – solitary dopant photonics and optoelectronics (solotronics), quantum science\tand technology, and device engineering – merge in the development of novel quantum photonic devices for the next generation of information processing systems. We present in this thesis a series of investigations of optical nanostructures for single optically active spins in single crystal diamond. Chapter 1 introduces the Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) color center, summarizes its applications, and motivates the need for their integration into photonic structures. Chapter 2 describes two prototype nanobeam photonic crystal cavities for generating strong light-matter interactions with NV centers. The first device consists of a silicon nitride photonic crystal nanobeam cavity with high quality factor \\(Q \\sim 10^5\\) and small mode volume \\(V \\sim 0.5*(\\lambda/n)^3\\). The second device consists of a monolithic diamond nanobeam cavity fabricated with the focused ion beam (FIB) directly in a single crystal diamond sample. Chapter 3 presents a high-efficiency source of single photons consisting of a single NV center in a photonic diamond nanowire. Early FIB prototypes are described, as is the first successful realization of the device achieved via reactive ion etching nanowires in a single crystal diamond containing NV centers, and finally a variation of this approach based on incorporation of NV centers in pure diamond via ion implantation. In chapter 4 we consider the optimal design of photonic devices offering both collection efficiency and cavity-enhancements and extend the model of the NV center to include photonic effects. In chapter 5 we briefly introduce a novel optically active spin discovered in a diamond nanowire. Finally, in chapter 6 we conclude with several proposals to extend this research program.