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大学物理

《量子力学》自学辅导之二—光的波粒二象性（续）

曾心愉, 裴文杰

Published Oct 20, 1993• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

二、德布罗意(de Broglie)波和量子化条件 直接显示物质粒子波动性的实验,是戴维孙-革末(Davisson—Germer)的电子衍射实验:经过电势差V加速的由电子枪发射的电子束,经镍单晶散射,在一系列方向θn上散射电子束取极大值,他们发现这是一个典型的衍射现象.他们把镍晶体切开、抛光、去污,把轰击表面作成所谓｛111｝平面(这个平面在立方晶体三个棱上截距相等),电子束垂直照射这个表面,相应的平面栅常数 d=2.15A.他们把实验数据代入衍射公式nλ=dsinθn,推算出电子束的波长 后来,施特恩(Stern)等人用更为明显的方式来显示物质粒子的波粒二象性.他们使用的是氦分子束,“为了得

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The Davisson–Germer experiment

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从光的粒子性角度论述光的折射现象的成因——《自由运动论》在实际中的应用（12）

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光粒子进入光密介质时，光粒子和到光密介质中的粒子发生碰撞，光粒子由于碰撞而产生自转，因为自转使运动弯曲，所以，光粒子的运动方向发生改变；同时，由于自转能的增大使运动速度减小。因此，形成折射现象。

祖国•Jan 1, 2012•0 citations
二、德布罗意(de Broglie)波和量子化条件 直接显示物质粒子波动性的实验,是戴维孙-革末(Davisson—Germer)的电子衍射实验:经过电势差V加速的由电子枪发射的电子束,经镍单晶散射,在一系列方向θn上散射电子束取极大值,他们发现这是一个典型的衍射现象.他们把镍晶体切开、抛光、去污,把轰击表面作成所谓｛111｝平面(这个平面在立方晶体三个棱上截距相等),电子束垂直照射这个表面,相应的平面栅常数 d=2.15A.他们把实验数据代入衍射公式nλ=dsinθn,推算出电子束的波长 后来,施特恩(Stern)等人用更为明显的方式来显示物质粒子的波粒二象性.他们使用的是氦分子束,“为了得
一、几个重要实验事实向经典理论提出了挑战 如果让一束电磁波照射适当的狭缝,按照经典波动理论的预言,其后的接收屏上将出现干涉、衍射花纹.但如果让一束强度极低的电磁波去照射照相底片,在一定时间间隔内,底片上只会呈现一些不规则的小斑点.就好象底片是被粒子一个一个地击中的一样!这是不是一个矛盾呢?单单就低强度光照射底片产生小斑点的现象而占,人们似乎仍然可以为经典波动理论争辩:光波无非是连续分布在空间中的振荡电磁场,当它以洛伦兹(Lorentz)力作用于底片中大量被原子束缚的电子时,少量电子能够连续地从这种微弱的电磁波中吸收能量并逐渐积累超过电离能,进而从原子中离解出来.这少量电离原子便产生出小的斑点.
Abstract The contributions of Otto Stern to the discovery of wave-particle duality of matter particles predicted by de Broglie are reviewed. After a short introduction to the early matter-vs-wave ideas about light, the events are highlighted which lead to de Broglie’s idea that all particles, also massive particles, should exhibit wave behavior with a wavelength inversely proportional to their mass. The first confirming experimental evidence came for electrons from the diffraction experiments of Davisson and Germer and those of Thomson. The first demonstration for atoms, with three orders of magnitude smaller wave lengths, came from Otto Stern’s laboratory shortly afterwards in 1929 in a remarkabletour de forceexperiment. After Stern’s forced departure from Hamburg in 1933 it took more than 40 years to reach a similar level of experimental perfection as achieved then in Stern’s laboratory. Today He atom diffraction is a powerful tool for studying the atomic and electronic structure and dynamics of surfaces. With the advent of nanotechnology nanoscopic transmission gratings have led to many new applications of matter waves in chemistry and physics, which are illustrated with a few examples and described in more detail in the following chapters.