There is evidence that superpositions of states of non-composite quantum systems A exist and can be interpreted as the simultaneous existence of two or more physically distinct quantum states of A. This paper shows, however, that entangled superposition states have a quite different character from simple superposition states. Whereas a simple superposition superposes two coherent states of a non-composite object A, entangled states superpose correlations between states of two incoherent subsystems A and B of a composite system AB. Thus an entangled state is best conceptualized as a coherent or phase-dependent superposition of correlations between incoherent or phase-independent subsystem states.There is evidence that superpositions of states of non-composite quantum systems A exist and can be interpreted as the simultaneous existence of two or more physically distinct quantum states of A. This paper shows, however, that entangled superposition states have a quite different character from simple superposition states. Whereas a simple superposition superposes two coherent states of a non-composite object A, entangled states superpose correlations between states of two incoherent subsystems A and B of a composite system AB. Thus an entangled state is best conceptualized as a coherent or phase-dependent superposition of correlations between incoherent or phase-independent subsystem states.

Feb 25, 20202 citations

Entangled states : Classical versus Quantum

S. Kanmani

Quantum mechanics of composite systems, gives rise to certain special states called entangled states. A physical system, that is in an entangled state displays an intricate correlation between its subsystems. There are also some composite quantum states (classically correlated states or separable states) that are not entangled. It is generally claimed, often without a rigorous proof to support, that these intricate correlations of an entangled state cannot occur in a classical system. This expository article, provides an elementary proof that entangled states cannot arise in the setting of classical mechanics. In addition, a detailed description of the origin of entanglement in quantum systems is included. The mathematical concepts that are necessary for this purpose are presented. The absence of entanglement in the classical setting is due to the fact that every pure classical state of a composite system is a product state, that is, a tensor product of two pure states of the subsystems. In contrast, there are pure composite quantum states that cannot be expressed in the form of a product state or even by a convex sum of product states. Roughly speaking, this is because classical states are positive valued functions on the phase-space while quantum states are positive linear operators. The structure of the tensor product between two commutative spaces of scalar valued functions is drastically different from that of the tensor product between two non-commutative spaces of linear operators. In other words, entanglement is a non-commutative phenomenon.Quantum mechanics of composite systems, gives rise to certain special states called entangled states. A physical system, that is in an entangled state displays an intricate correlation between its subsystems. There are also some composite quantum states (classically correlated states or separable states) that are not entangled. It is generally claimed, often without a rigorous proof to support, that these intricate correlations of an entangled state cannot occur in a classical system. This expository article, provides an elementary proof that entangled states cannot arise in the setting of classical mechanics. In addition, a detailed description of the origin of entanglement in quantum systems is included. The mathematical concepts that are necessary for this purpose are presented. The absence of entanglement in the classical setting is due to the fact that every pure classical state of a composite system is a product state, that is, a tensor product of two pure states of the subsystems. In contrast, there are pure composite quantum states that cannot be expressed in the form of a product state or even by a convex sum of product states. Roughly speaking, this is because classical states are positive valued functions on the phase-space while quantum states are positive linear operators. The structure of the tensor product between two commutative spaces of scalar valued functions is drastically different from that of the tensor product between two non-commutative spaces of linear operators. In other words, entanglement is a non-commutative phenomenon.

arXiv:0907.1784Jul 10, 20090 citations

Entangled quantum states of atomic systems

Igor Bargatin, B. A. Grishanin, Виктор Николаевич Задков

Uspekhi Fizicheskih NaukJan 1, 200143 citations

Entangled Quantum States

Willi-Hans Steeb, Yorick Hardy

International Journal of Theoretical PhysicsDec 1, 20002 citations

Quantum teleportation of composite systems via mixed entangled states

Somshubhro Bandyopadhyay, Barry C. Sanders

We analyze quantum teleportation for composite systems, specifically for concatenated teleporation (decomposing a large composite state into smaller states of dimension commensurate with the channel) and partial teleportation (teleporting one component of a larger quantum state). We obtain an exact expression for teleportation fidelity that depends solely on the dimension and singlet fraction for the entanglement channel and entanglement (measures by $I$ concurrence) for the state; in fact quantum teleportation for composite systems provides an operational interpretation for $I$ concurrence. In addition we obtain tight bounds on teleportation fidelity and prove that the average fidelity approaches the lower bound of teleportation fidelity in the high-dimension limit.We analyze quantum teleportation for composite systems, specifically for concatenated teleporation (decomposing a large composite state into smaller states of dimension commensurate with the channel) and partial teleportation (teleporting one component of a larger quantum state). We obtain an exact expression for teleportation fidelity that depends solely on the dimension and singlet fraction for the entanglement channel and entanglement (measures by $I$ concurrence) for the state; in fact quantum teleportation for composite systems provides an operational interpretation for $I$ concurrence. In addition we obtain tight bounds on teleportation fidelity and prove that the average fidelity approaches the lower bound of teleportation fidelity in the high-dimension limit.

Physical Review ASep 12, 200631 citations

I

concurrence) for the state; in fact quantum teleportation for composite systems provides an operational interpretation for

I

concurrence. In addition we obtain tight bounds on teleportation fidelity and prove that the average fidelity approaches the lower bound of teleportation fidelity in the high-dimension limit.