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四川大学学报：哲学社会科学版

略论微覌物质的波、粒二象性——对哲学界、科学界的一种传统观点质疑

吴守玉, 高兴华

Published Jan 1, 1981• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

光与实物微粒同时具有波动和粒子的双重性质,这种性质称为波粒二象性。这是量子力学的实验基础,是二十世纪科学发展史上具有重大科学革命意义的基本概念,也是量子力学中存在的基本问题。自五十年代以来,在我国的哲学、自然辩证法和自然科学方面的教科书、专著和论文中,流行着这样一种观点:波动性和粒子性是微观客体中的一对“矛盾”。有人说是一对“基本矛盾”;在这对“矛盾”中存在着“矛盾的主要方面和次要方面”,矛

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•Jul 5, 2026•0 citations
光与实物微粒同时具有波动和粒子的双重性质,这种性质称为波粒二象性。这是量子力学的实验基础,是二十世纪科学发展史上具有重大科学革命意义的基本概念,也是量子力学中存在的基本问题。自五十年代以来,在我国的哲学、自然辩证法和自然科学方面的教科书、专著和论文中,流行着这样一种观点:波动性和粒子性是微观客体中的一对“矛盾”。有人说是一对“基本矛盾”;在这对“矛盾”中存在着“矛盾的主要方面和次要方面”,矛
在国内哲学界有关认识本质的讨论中,有同志提出了所谓“选择论”,以“超越”反映论。其自然科学“依据”,就是量子力学中的测不准原理和互补原理。那么,选择论对于量子力学做的哲学诠释是否正确呢?本文力图在正确理解量子力学的基础上对这一问题加以澄清。 一、主体客体不可分吗? 选择论认为,测不准原理所揭示的“测量仪器和微观客体之间总会产生不可控制的相互作用”的哲学意义就是主客体不可分,因为测量仪器和微观客体之间必然产生的相互作用使我们的测量作为一种“对实验装置和语言的选择”,也就是我们必须决定我们
标准量子力学在现象层精确描述了微观现象,但在解释层面留下若干未解问题:叠加态是什么、测量为什么特殊、纠缠为什么违反贝尔不等式、波粒二象性如何理解、延迟选择暗示了什么、退相干的本质是什么。本文在不对称展开研究纲领的基础上,提出一个统一的解释:量子力学不是描述世界底层的理论,而是描述锁定结构在动态时间场中如何读取相位状态的理论。量子现象不是底层的不确定性,而是时间场在静态层上的投影读数。本文进一步提出一个可检验预测:锁定单光子发射相位后,双缝干涉条纹应消失,退化为固定亮点。
原有量子力学的由Schrodinger方程不能很好地描述微观粒子的局域特性和波-粒二象性，因此，量子力学必须改进和发展。在非线性系统中我们考虑了粒子之间或它与背景场之间的非线性相互作用，于是必须用非线性Schrodinger方程去描述的微观粒子的状态。至此，微观粒子的状态和特征相对于线性系统发生了根本性的变化。在这种情况下不论外势场如何变化，但非线性Schrodinger方程都能给出具有波-粒二象特性的解，它由包络孤子和一个载波组成，有一个具有确定的位置的质心；同时，微观粒子此时也具有一个确定的质量，能量和动量，和它们遵守的质量，能量和动量守恒定律，在外场作用时粒子是稳定的，并满足经典运动方程和遵守哈密顿方程和拉格朗日方程。于是用非线性Schrodinger方程去描述的微观粒子具有一个明显的的局域特性和波-粒二象性， 从而彻底消除了原有量子力学存在近一个世纪的困难和问题。基于这些新的结果我们可建立起完整和系统的非线性量子力学理论体系，推动量子力学的发展。因此这一研究具有重要意义。 In original quantum mechanics the Schrodinger equation is, in essence, a wave equation, wherein the microscopic particles depicted have only a wave feature, and not a corpuscle nature. These descriptors do not agree only with the Broglie relation of wave-corpuscle duality, but also with experimental results and the traditional knowledge of particle concept. Meanwhile, the theory gives only some approximate solutions. Thus a series of contradictory representations and problems occur in quantum mechanics, which have re-sulted in durative disputations focused on the area of physics and have not led to any united conclusions until now. The only way to solve these problems and difficulties is to develop the quantum mechanics. We inves-tigate in detail wave-corpuscle duality of microscopic particles described by a nonlinear Schrodinger equa-tion in nonlinear quantum systems. Concretely speaking, we here study the properties of the solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, the stability of microscopic particles, invariance and conservation laws of motion of particles, the Hamiltonian principle of particle motion and corresponding Lagrangian and Hamilton equations, the classical rule of microscopic particle motion, and so on. Studied results show that the solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation depicting microscopic particles is a soliton and have a wave-corpuscle duality, microscopic particles have always a mass center and possess determinant positions, sizes, mass, mo-mentum, energy and form, their mass, momentum and energy satisfy corresponding conservation laws, their dynamic states can be described by both nonlinear Schrodinger equation and classical Lagrangian and Ham-ilton equations, their motions obey the classical Newton-type law of motion. These properties indicate that the microscopic particles described by a nonlinear Schrodinger equation have a corpuscle nature. However, the solutions of dynamic equation are some solitary waves which are accompanied by a carrier wave to propagate in space-time, and possess certain frequency and wave speed. Thus microscopic particles described by nonlinear quantum mechanics have also wave feature. Thus we can affirm that the microscopic particles depicted by a nonlinear Schrodinger equation have a perfect wave-corpuscle duality, which are in essence different from those in linear quantum mechanics. Based on these results we can establish a new nonlinear quantum mechanics, which can solve these difficulties and problems disputed for about a century in linear quantum mechanics.
摘要 长期以来,教材中 “带电粒子具备加速度就一定会向外辐射电磁波” 的片面论断,衍生出著名的原子轨道坍缩悖论。该难题曾被视作经典物理体系无法逾越的短板,进而推动了概率诠释等附加假设的出现。本文以重新界定电磁辐射判定条件作为切入点,修正现有教学层面对于麦克斯韦方程组辐射规律的简化误读,建立电子实体结构模型。依托经过大量实验验证的德布罗意波关系式,结合薛定谔方程原始物理内涵剥离玻恩概率诠释,再通过高低能电子轰击氢靶散射实验相互印证,证实电子不存在固定点状硬芯,尺度会随着运动动量发生动态改变。整套论证全程立足于经典物理框架与公认实验结论,不需要额外量子假设就可以合理解释原子长久稳态运行的根本原因,为大学物理微观部分的教学矛盾梳理、电子物理模型完善提供一条可供参考的新思路。