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Vieweg+Teubner eBooks

An Algebraic Approach for Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Quantum Statistical Mechanics

Gérard G. Emch

Published Jan 1, 1980• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The language of this first section is quite heuristic, as it only aims at a broad presentation of the problems we want to turn our attention to. A rigorous formulation of some of these questions, and of their answers, is reviewed in section 2. A few illustrative models are mentioned briefly in Section 3. Section 4 is entirely devoted to the question raised by the very existence of crystals in a world where the fundamental interactions are believed to be covariant at least under the group of rigid motions in IR 3 . These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

DOI
10.1007/978-3-663-06825-9_5

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This part of the book is fully devoted to the physics of (1 + 1)-dimensional quantum or twodimensional classical models. As usual, I shall distinguish between classical and quantum systems only if it is necessary. Those models where the difference between quantum and classical is not relevant will be called ‘two-dimensional’; those where for some reason or other I want to emphasize the quantum aspect will be called ‘one-dimensional’. The reason I spend so much time discussing two-dimensional physics is that here one finds a kind of paradise for strong interactions and nonperturbative effects. Those effects which are tricky or even impossible to achieve in higher dimensions appear in almost every two-dimensional model. To our greatest satisfaction there are theoretical tools at our disposal which allow us to solve many of the corresponding problems and describe these phenomena. The availability of these strong mathematical tools is a unique feature of two-dimensional physics. Even if it turns out to be impossible to generalize these tools for higher dimensions, I hope that the reader will be rewarded for the time spent by the pleasure obtained from contemplating their beauty. The world we are about to enter has certain distinct features which are worth mentioning in the introduction. The first one concerns the second-order phase transitions. In (1 + 1)-dimensional systems such transitions may occur only at zero temperature.

Cambridge University Press eBooks•Nov 20, 2003•0 citations
The language of this first section is quite heuristic, as it only aims at a broad presentation of the problems we want to turn our attention to. A rigorous formulation of some of these questions, and of their answers, is reviewed in section 2. A few illustrative models are mentioned briefly in Section 3. Section 4 is entirely devoted to the question raised by the very existence of crystals in a world where the fundamental interactions are believed to be covariant at least under the group of rigid motions in IR 3 . These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Many body physics is concerned with macroscopic systems consisting of a very large number of microscopic particles (N ≈ 10 20 ). In this case the direct dynamical treatment of the complete system is impossible. A quite useful and frequently applied approximation consists in the neglection of terms which are relatively small as the volume of the systems tends to infinity, the particle density remaining constant. For the concise theoretical description of the typical many body phenomena such as phase transitions and spontaneous symmetry breakdown the use of the thermodynamical limit is even necessary, since no existing theory for the finite systems shows these effects. As a general rule one can say that a quantum system behaves like a thermodynamical system only in the infinite-volume limit. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The measurement problem of quantum mechanics was probably born in 1926: ‘Thus Schrödinger’s quantum mechanics gives a very definite answer to the question of the outcome of a collision; however, this does not involve any causal relationship. One obtains no answer to the question “what is the state after the collision,” but only to the question “how probable is a specific outcome of the collision” (in which the quantum-mechanical law of [conservation of] energy must of course be satisfied). This raises the entire problem of determinism. From the standpoint of our quantum mechanics, there is no quantity that could causally establish the outcome of a collision in each individual case; however, so far we are not aware of any experimental clue to the effect that there are internal properties of atoms that enforce some particular outcome. Should we hope to discover such properties that determine individual outcomes later (perhaps phases of the internal atomic motions)? Or should we believe that the agreement between theory and experiment concerning our inability to give conditions for a causal course of events is some pre-established harmony that is based on the non-existence of such conditions? I myself tend to relinquish determinism in the atomic world. But this is [also] a philosophical question, for which physical arguments alone are not decisive.’ (Born, 1926a, p. 866; translation by the author) These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The aim of this paper is to give a review of some recent results concerning the problem of constructing and studying time evolution for quantum systems with infinitely many degrees of freedom. The first rigorous results in this direction are due to O. E. Lanford and D. W. Robinson [17–20], see also [13], Ch. 5.3. An approach to this problem has been proposed by O. Bratteli and D. W. Robinson [12], see also [13], Ch. 6.3. Among recent papers we refer to [1–3], [10–11], [16], [24]. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This part of the book is fully devoted to the physics of (1 + 1)-dimensional quantum or twodimensional classical models. As usual, I shall distinguish between classical and quantum systems only if it is necessary. Those models where the difference between quantum and classical is not relevant will be called ‘two-dimensional’; those where for some reason or other I want to emphasize the quantum aspect will be called ‘one-dimensional’. The reason I spend so much time discussing two-dimensional physics is that here one finds a kind of paradise for strong interactions and nonperturbative effects. Those effects which are tricky or even impossible to achieve in higher dimensions appear in almost every two-dimensional model. To our greatest satisfaction there are theoretical tools at our disposal which allow us to solve many of the corresponding problems and describe these phenomena. The availability of these strong mathematical tools is a unique feature of two-dimensional physics. Even if it turns out to be impossible to generalize these tools for higher dimensions, I hope that the reader will be rewarded for the time spent by the pleasure obtained from contemplating their beauty. The world we are about to enter has certain distinct features which are worth mentioning in the introduction. The first one concerns the second-order phase transitions. In (1 + 1)-dimensional systems such transitions may occur only at zero temperature.