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Annals of Physics

Lie algebraic approach to the time-dependent quantum general harmonic oscillator and the bi-dimensional charged particle in time-dependent electromagnetic fields

Victor Guadalupe Ibarra‐Sierra, Juan Carlos Sandoval-Santana, J. L. Cardoso, A. Kunold

Published Jul 31, 2015• 25 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.aop.2015.07.022

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In this paper, we present a unitary transformation technique to solve the equation of quantum dynamics of a charged particle moving in a time-dependent electromagnetic field. The primary advantage of the technique lies in the connection of this technique with one of the essential features of the system which is the gauge. The gauge has been chosen in a way where the first three dimensional Hamiltonian transformed easily through this technique to a two dimensional coupled problem. This problem is central in several areas of physics, including solid-state and plasma physics, where the understanding of the behavior of charged particles in the presence of time-dependent electromagnetic fields is essential to explore the behavior of various phenomena. The complete solution of the Schrödinger equation is presented and the propagator is also determined using this technique. This technique is also used to shows how the problem can be reduced to a two-dimensional system of coupled harmonic oscillators, each subjected to a time-dependent linear potential. This reduction simplifies the analysis by transforming the problem into a form that can be mapped onto a well-established model, which has been previously studied using the path integral formalism.
The theory of explicitly time-dependent invariants is developed for quantum systems whose Hamiltonians are explicitly time dependent. The central feature of the discussion is the derivation of a simple relation between eigenstates of such an invariant and solutions of the Schrödinger equation. As a specific well-posed application of the general theory, the case of a general Hamiltonian which settles into constant operators in the sufficiently remote past and future is treated and, in particular, the transition amplitude connecting any initial state in the remote past to any final state in the remote future is calculated in terms of eigenstates of the invariant. Two special physical systems are treated in detail: an arbitrarily time-dependent harmonic oscillator and a charged particle moving in the classical, axially symmetric electromagnetic field consisting of an arbitrarily time-dependent, uniform magnetic field, the associated induced electric field, and the electric field due to an arbitrarily time-dependent uniform charge distribution. A class of explicitly time-dependent invariants is derived for both of these systems, and the eigenvalues and eigenstates of the invariants are calculated explicitly by operator methods. The explicit connection between these eigenstates and solutions of the Schrödinger equation is also calculated. The results for the oscillator are used to obtain explicit formulas for the transition amplitude. The usual sudden and adiabatic approximations are deduced as limiting cases of the exact formulas.
New time-dependent invariants for the NNN-dimensional nonstationary harmonic oscillator and for a charged particle in a varying axially symmetric classical electromagnetic field are found. For these quantum systems, coherent states are introduced, and the Green's functions are obtained in closed form. For a special type of electromagnetic field which is constant in the remote past and future, the transition amplitudes between both arbitrary coherent states and energy eigenstates are calculated and expressed in terms of classical polynomials. The adiabatic approximation and adiabatic invariants are discussed. In the special case of a particle with time-dependent mass, the solution of the Schr\"odinger equation is found. The symmetry of nonstationary Hamiltonians is discussed, and the noncompact group U(N,1)U(N, 1)U(N,1) is shown to be the group of dynamical symmetry for the time-dependent NNN-dimensional oscillator.