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arXiv:2610.38961

A First-Order Phase Transition in Spin-Imbalanced BCS Theory of Superconductivity

Marius Lemm, Barbara Roos

Published Oct 28, 2026• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study a translation-invariant BCS functional of superconductivity for a system of spin-$1/2$ fermions with spin-dependent chemical potentials, $μ_+\neqμ_-$. Numerical work of Caldas and Mota and analytical work of Freiji, Hainzl, and Seiringer has suggested an unusual first-order phase transition in spin-imbalanced BCS models, in which the normal state becomes globally unstable while remaining locally stable. Here, we prove that a first-order phase transition occurs in such spin-imbalanced BCS functionals. For each sufficiently small fixed spin imbalance and sufficiently low temperature, there is a coexistence coupling $λ_{\mathrm{fo}}$ strictly below the linear-stability threshold $λ_{\mathrm{lin}}$ of the normal state at which the Cooper pair density exhibits a nonzero jump and the minimized energy has a kink. The methodological insight is a coercivity estimate obtained by decomposing the BCS energy minimization into two parts, where the ``inner'' problem minimizes over the one-particle density matrices at fixed pairing and can be exactly solved by a Legendre--Fenchel transform.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2610.38961

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We study a translation-invariant BCS functional of superconductivity for a system of spin-1/21/21/2 fermions with spin-dependent chemical potentials, μ+≠μ−μ_+\neqμ_-μ+​=μ−​. Numerical work of Caldas and Mota and analytical work of Freiji, Hainzl, and Seiringer has suggested an unusual first-order phase transition in spin-imbalanced BCS models, in which the normal state becomes globally unstable while remaining locally stable. Here, we prove that a first-order phase transition occurs in such spin-imbalanced BCS functionals. For each sufficiently small fixed spin imbalance and sufficiently low temperature, there is a coexistence coupling λfoλ_{\mathrm{fo}}λfo​ strictly below the linear-stability threshold λlinλ_{\mathrm{lin}}λlin​ of the normal state at which the Cooper pair density exhibits a nonzero jump and the minimized energy has a kink. The methodological insight is a coercivity estimate obtained by decomposing the BCS energy minimization into two parts, where the ``inner'' problem minimizes over the one-particle density matrices at fixed pairing and can be exactly solved by a Legendre--Fenchel transform.
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The two-dimensional spin-imbalanced Fermi gas subject to sss-wave pairing and spin-orbit coupling is considered a promising platform for realizing a topological chiral-ppp-wave superfluid. In the BCS limit of sss-wave pairing, i.e., when Cooper pairs are only weakly bound, the system enters the topological phase via a second-order transition driven by increasing the Zeeman spin-splitting energy. Stronger attractive two-particle interactions cause the system to undergo the BCS-BEC crossover, in the course of which the topological transition becomes first order. As a result, topological and nontopological superfluids coexist in spatially separated domains in an extended region of phase space spanned by the strength of sss-wave interactions and the Zeeman energy. Here we investigate this phase-coexistence region theoretically using a zero-temperature mean-field approach. Exact numerical results are presented to illustrate basic physical characteristics of the coexisting phases and to validate an approximate analytical description derived for weak spin-orbit coupling. Besides extending our current understanding of spin-imbalanced superfluid Fermi systems, the present approach also provides a platform for future studies of unconventional Majorana excitations that, according to topology, should be present at the internal interface between coexisting topological and nontopological superfluid parts of the system.
Abstract As charge carrier of the macroscopic superconductivity, the Cooper pair is a composite particle of two paired electrons, which has both center-of-mass and inner-pair degrees of freedom. In most cases, these two different degrees of freedom can be well described by the macroscopic Ginzburg-Landau theory and the microscopic Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory, respectively. Near the superconducting phase transition where the Cooper pair is fragile and unstable because of the small binding energy, there are non-trivial couplings between these two different degrees of freedom due to such as finite energy and/or momentum transfer. The non-trivial couplings make the original derivation of the Ginzburg-Landau theory from the BCS theory fail in principle as where these two different degrees of freedom should not be decoupled. In this article, we will present a renormalization formalism for an extended Ginzburg-Landau action for the superconducting phase transition where there is finite energy transfer between the center-of-mass and the inner-pair degrees of freedom of Cooper pairs. This renormalization formalism will provide a theoretical tool to study the unusual dynamical effects of the inner-pair time-retarded physics on the superconducting phase transition.
This thesis focuses on the analysis of Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) \nto Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) evolution in ultracold superfluid \nFermi gases when the interaction between atoms is varied. The tuning of \nattractive interactions permits the ground state of the system to evolve from a weak \nfermion attraction BCS limit of loosely bound and largely overlapping Cooper pairs \nto a strong fermion attraction limit of tightly bound small bosonic molecules \nwhich undergo BEC. \nThis evolution is accompanied by anomalous behavior of many superfluid \nproperties, and reveals several quantum phase transitions. \nThis thesis has two parts: \nIn the first part, I analyze zero and nonzero orbital angular momentum \npairing effects, and show that a quantum phase transition occurs for \nnonzero angular momentum pairing, unlike the sss-wave case where the BCS \nto BEC evolution is just a crossover. \nIn the second part, I analyze two-species fermion mixtures with mass and \npopulation imbalance in continuum, trap and lattice models. In contrast with \nthe crossover physics found in the mass and population balanced mixtures, \nI demonstrate the existence of phase transitions between normal and \nsuperfluid phases, as well as phase separation between superfluid (paired) \nand normal (excess) fermions in imbalanced mixtures as a function of scattering \nparameter and mass and population imbalance.