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arXiv:2610.26814

Rényi Multi-entropy for Stabilizer States: A Finite Field Gauss Sum Problem

Bartłomiej Czech, Yichen Feng, Jonathan Harper, Xin-Xiang Ju, Yang Zhao

Published Oct 19, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Rényi multi-entropy probes multi-partite structure beyond bipartite spectra, but its behavior in general quantum states and the entanglement structure it captures remain poorly understood. We develop a finite field Gauss sum framework for calculating it in stabilizer states. Within this framework, the replica contraction reduces to a quadratic Gauss sum if and only if the state is locally unitarily equivalent to a stabilizer state. We obtain analytic expressions for the Rényi multi-entropy of all tree graph states and large families of loop graph states. In contrast to their flat bipartite Rényi spectra, stabilizer states generically have nonflat Rényi multi-entropy spectra.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2610.26814

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Rényi multi-entropy probes multi-partite structure beyond bipartite spectra, but its behavior in general quantum states and the entanglement structure it captures remain poorly understood. We develop a finite field Gauss sum framework for calculating it in stabilizer states. Within this framework, the replica contraction reduces to a quadratic Gauss sum if and only if the state is locally unitarily equivalent to a stabilizer state. We obtain analytic expressions for the Rényi multi-entropy of all tree graph states and large families of loop graph states. In contrast to their flat bipartite Rényi spectra, stabilizer states generically have nonflat Rényi multi-entropy spectra.
Rényi multi-entropy of graph states and the n−>1n -> 1n−>1 limit
Rényi multi-entropy extends the Rényi entropy to pure states of more than two parties. It is defined by a replica contraction at integer replica number nnn, and the multi-entropy is its n→1n\to1n→1 limit. In holography this limit is conjectured to compute the area of a minimal soap-film web in the bulk. Understanding multi-entropy for general states, however, is harder. Unlike the bipartite case, the replica contraction is not a moment of a density matrix, and the continuation to n=1n=1n=1 has to be found by other means. We study this problem for qubit graph states. We show that at every odd nnn the contraction equals 2−k/22^{-k/2}2−k/2, where kkk is a sum of ranks of matrices over a finite field, one row and one column per qubit. We define a class of graphs that we call collision-controlled, for which the rank sum is a polynomial in nnn. This class includes graphs without even cycles and all complete bipartite graphs. The natural polynomial n→1n \to 1n→1 continuation is a finite sum over partitions of the parties. While the Rényi multi-entropy is non-increasing under single-qubit Pauli measurements at every odd integer n>1n>1n>1, the continuation to n=1n=1n=1 is not. A ZZZ measurement on one qubit of an odd ring with 2r+1≥72r + 1 \geq 72r+1≥7 qubits raises it from (r+1)log⁡2(r+1)\log 2(r+1)log2 to (2r−1)log⁡2(2r-1) \log 2(2r−1)log2. Thus the continuation is not an entanglement monotone.
We study multi-invariants---a multi-partite generalization of Renyi entropies---of simple stabilizer states, for an arbitrary replica symmetry group. We develop a group theoretic technique for evaluating such invariants, which operates on the replica group and involves counting intersections among its cosets. Our techniques streamline the calculations of multi-invariants for graph states with two GHZ-like nodes and for certain generalizations thereof. The methodology developed here is most suitable when the quantum state is simple but flexibility over the replica group is desired.
Multipartite entanglement is a natural generalization of bipartite entanglement, but is relatively poorly understood. In this paper, we develop tools to calculate a class of multipartite entanglement measures - known as multi-invariants - for stabilizer states. We give an efficient numerical algorithm that computes multi-invariants for stabilizer states. For tripartite stabilizer states, we also obtain an explicit formula for any multi-invariant using the GHZ-extraction theorem. We then present a counting argument that calculates any Coxeter multi-invariant of a q-partite stabilizer state. We conjecture a closed form expression for the same. We uncover hints of an interesting connection between multi-invariants, stabilizer states and topology. We show how our formulas are further simplified for a restricted class of stabilizer states that appear as ground states of interesting models like the toric code and the X-cube model.
We study genuine multi-entropy as a diagnostic of multipartite entanglement in the toric code, which provides a controlled setting for probing multipartite structures in topologically ordered states. Our main question is whether genuine multi-entropy captures information that is not reducible to conventional lower-party entropic data, such as topological entanglement entropy. We first analyze toric-code ground states that admit a stabilizer-state description, where the relevant quantities can be evaluated exactly. We conjecture that, for stabilizer states and q≥4\mathtt{q}\ge4q≥4, the q\mathtt{q}q-partite genuine multi-entropy at replica index n<qn<\mathtt{q}n<q collapses to a linear combination of multi-entropies involving at most q−2\mathtt{q}-2q−2 parties. We establish this pattern explicitly for q=4\mathtt{q}=4q=4 in the toric code stabilizer sector: for n=2,3n=2,3n=2,3, the genuine multi-entropy is proportional to the tripartite information I3I_3I3​ and, for the Kitaev-Preskill partition, contains no independent genuine four-partite information beyond that captured by the topological entanglement entropy. At n=4n=4n=4, however, this reduction breaks down: the genuine multi-entropy is no longer proportional to I3I_3I3​, but remains a topological invariant of the toric-code stabilizer ground states under Kitaev-Preskill-preserving deformations that do not change whether the numbers of vertex- and plaquette-type junctions coincide. For generic non-stabilizer superpositions within the ground-state manifold and for coherent superpositions of local excitations, the low-nnn reduction also fails. These results show that genuine multi-entropy probes multipartite entanglement structure beyond the tripartite information, and hence beyond the topological entanglement entropy in the Kitaev-Preskill partition, whereas for stabilizer states at low replica index it reduces to lower-partite entropic data.
Stabilizer Rényi entropy has emerged as a probe of nonstabilizerness in quantum many-body systems, but its scaling structure beyond critical points remains poorly understood compared with entanglement entropy. Recent field-theory approaches indicate that stabilizer entropy contains universal critical data and boundary-sensitive terms, raising the question of how these structures extend into massive and crossover regimes. We address this problem for a broad class of finite-range spin chains at Rényi index one-half. We derive exact finite-size formulas for both full periodic chains and finite intervals of the infinite chain, making the universal crossover from critical to noncritical behavior analytically accessible. In periodic geometry, the entropy obeys a volume law away from criticality and exhibits a universal finite-size crossover controlled by the competition between system size and correlation length. We also show that the large-scale SRE density develops a cusp across the field-tuned critical line, while the XX endpoint is governed by a distinct scaling regime associated with the saturation point. In the subsystem geometry, the interval entropy separates bulk critical behavior from boundary contributions generated by the way the finite region cuts the infinite chain. The crossover from critical to massive behavior is then encoded in boundary constants and universal functions controlled by the correlation length. Through exact stabilizer-entropy correspondences, the scaling theory extends to internal XY reductions, Finite-range spin chains, and Cluster--Ising representatives. Our results provide an exact lattice benchmark for the emerging QFT description of stabilizer entropy beyond isolated conformal points.
Entanglement and nonstabilizerness capture distinct aspects of quantum complexity, yet their relation through the entanglement spectrum remains poorly understood. Here we develop a spectral framework for bipartite nonlocal nonstabilizerness. We introduce a generalized anti-flatness and derive upper and lower bounds on the nonlocal stabilizer Rényi entropy (SRE) in terms of Rényi entanglement entropy and spectral non-uniformity. We further reduce the local-unitary optimization to a single-unitary problem and prove that the ordered Schmidt reference state is a local minimum of the SRE for integer α≥2α\geq2α≥2. Applying these results to exponentially and algebraically decaying spectra reveals parametrically distinct relations between entanglement and nonlocal nonstabilizerness. For broad spectra, we introduce a dyadic-shell sandwich construction that determines the asymptotic SRE scaling. At one-dimensional conformal critical points, it yields a universal hierarchy of double-logarithmic scaling laws for integer α≥2α\geq2α≥2. Our spectral bounds and dyadic-shell sandwich construction provide general tools for analyzing nonlocal SRE, offering a flexible framework that can be applied to a wide range of entanglement spectra in quantum many-body systems.