arXiv:2610.24838

An Enhanced Intersecting-Lines Method for Optical Loss Characterization in SIS Heterodyne Receivers

François Joint, Magnus Strandberg, Denis Meledin, Igor Lapkin, Sven-Erik Ferm, Mathias Fredrixon, Leif Helldner, Alexei Pavolotsky, Erik Sundin, Victor Y. Belitsky, Vincent Desmaris

Published Oct 17, 2026• 0 citations

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Abstract

Accurate knowledge of radio-frequency (RF) losses in front of superconductor--insulator--superconductor (SIS) mixers is essential for optimizing millimeter- and terahertz heterodyne receivers. However, such losses are difficult to extract from conventional hot/cold-load measurements because the measured receiver noise combines contributions from the input optics, the mixer, and the intermediate-frequency chain. In this work, we present a numerical implementation of the straight-line, or intersecting-lines, method for estimating input-referred RF noise and optical loss from standard Y-factor measurements. Hot/cold IF spectra are acquired while sweeping the local oscillator (LO) pumping level from under-pumped to over-pumped operation, so that each IF frequency bin gives a family of linear relations between receiver output power and input load temperature. We evaluate all pairwise intersections between these lines and analyze the crossing cloud to obtain the effective RF input noise. We repeat the analysis across the IF band and multiple LO tunings which provides a frequency-resolved characterisation of the input losses over the full band. Our implementation turns the straight-line technique into a reproducible framework for receiver characterisation and relative optical-loss comparison in low-loss front-end configurations.

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.24838

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