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arXiv:2610.23687

Finite-temperature phase diagram of dipolar bosons in a cylindrical setup

Juan Sánchez-Baena, Raúl Bombín, Jordi Boronat

Published Oct 16, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Temperature plays a non-trivial role in dipolar systems, being able to either induce or destroy spatial density modulations. In order to shed light into the interplay between thermal effects and quantum correlations, we employ the path integral Monte Carlo method (PIMC) to obtain the phase diagram of a system of dipolar bosons in an infinite cylindrical geometry and at finite temperatures. For a fixed total density, we vary the scattering length of the interaction and the temperature, and characterize the structure and superfluidity of the emerging phases. The PIMC method accounts for thermal effects and quantum correlations at all orders, and can be used to quantitatively estimate the superfluid fraction of the system. Remarkably, we find a regime of parameters where, starting from a supersolid, the spatial order vanishes with temperature before the superfluidity does. We also find a region of the phase diagram where the superfluid fraction displays a non-monotonous dependence with temperature. Our results extend previous descriptions, relying on Bogoliubov theory, to larger temperatures in the thermodynamic limit and illustrate how spatial modulations and superfluidity are lost as temperature is increased.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2610.23687

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•Dec 13, 2019•2 citations
Temperature plays a non-trivial role in dipolar systems, being able to either induce or destroy spatial density modulations. In order to shed light into the interplay between thermal effects and quantum correlations, we employ the path integral Monte Carlo method (PIMC) to obtain the phase diagram of a system of dipolar bosons in an infinite cylindrical geometry and at finite temperatures. For a fixed total density, we vary the scattering length of the interaction and the temperature, and characterize the structure and superfluidity of the emerging phases. The PIMC method accounts for thermal effects and quantum correlations at all orders, and can be used to quantitatively estimate the superfluid fraction of the system. Remarkably, we find a regime of parameters where, starting from a supersolid, the spatial order vanishes with temperature before the superfluidity does. We also find a region of the phase diagram where the superfluid fraction displays a non-monotonous dependence with temperature. Our results extend previous descriptions, relying on Bogoliubov theory, to larger temperatures in the thermodynamic limit and illustrate how spatial modulations and superfluidity are lost as temperature is increased.
Recent experiments have shown that raising the temperature of a dipolar gas under certain conditions leads to a transition to a supersolid state. Here, we employ the path integral Monte Carlo method, which exactly accounts for both thermal and correlation effects, to study that phenomenology in a system of ^{162}Dy atoms in the canonical ensemble. Our microscopic description allows the quantitative characterization of the emergence of spatial order and superfluidity, the two ingredients that define a supersolid state. Our calculations prove that temperature on its own can promote the formation of a supersolid in a dipolar system. Furthermore, we bridge this exotic phenomenology with the more usual melting of the supersolid at a higher temperature. Our results offer insight into the interplay between thermal excitations, the dipole-dipole interaction, quantum statistics, and supersolidity.
We systematically investigate the zero temperature phase diagram of bosons interacting via dipolar interactions in three dimensions in free space via path integral Monte Carlo simulations with a few hundreds of particles and periodic boundary conditions based on the worm algorithm. Upon increasing the strength of the dipolar interaction and at sufficiently high densities we find a wide region where filaments are stabilized along the direction of the external field. Most interestingly by computing the superfluid fraction we conclude that the superfluidity is anisotropic and is greatly suppressed along the orthogonal plane. Finally, we perform simulations at finite temperature confirming the stability of the filaments against thermal fluctuations and provide an estimate of the superfluid fraction in the weak coupling limit in the framework of the Landau two-fluid model.
A two-dimensional quantum system of dipoles, with a polarization angle not perpendicular to the plane, shows a transition from a gas to a stripe phase. We have studied the thermal properties of these two phases using the path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) method. By simulating the thermal density matrix, PIMC provides exact results for magnitudes of interest such as the superfluid fraction and the one-body density matrix. As it is well known, in two dimensions the superfluid-to-normal phase transition follows the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) scenario. Our results show that both the anisotropic gas and the stripe phases follow the BKT scaling laws. At fixed density and increasing the tilting angle, the transition temperature decreases in going from the gas to the stripe phase. Superfluidity in the perpendicular direction to the stripes is rather small close to the critical temperature but it becomes larger at lower temperatures, mainly close to the transition to the gas. Our results are in qualitative agreement with the supersolidity observed recently in a quasi-one-dimensional array of dipolar droplets.
The supersolid phase of soft-core bosons in two dimensions is investigated using the self-consistent Hartree-Fock and quantum Monte Carlo methods. An approximate phase diagram at finite temperatures is initially constructed using the mean-field approach, which is subsequently validated through precise path-integral simulations, enabling a microscopic characterization of the various phases. Superfluid and melting/freezing transitions are analyzed through the superfluid density and the long-range behavior of correlation functions associated with positional and orientational order, in accordance with the general picture of Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transitions. A broad region at low temperatures is identified where the supersolid phase exists, separating the uniform superfluid phase from the normal quasicrystal phase. Additionally, a potential intermediate hexatic phase with quasi-long-range orientational order is identified in a narrow region between the normal solid and fluid phases. These findings establish self-consistent Hartree-Fock theory beyond the local density approximation as an effective tool, complementary to computationally intensive quantum Monte Carlo simulations, for investigating the melting of the supersolid phase and the possible emergence of the hexatic superfluid phase in bosonic systems with various interaction potentials.
The object of study of this thesis are dipolar systems in the quantum degenerate regime. In general, dealing with many-body systems and evaluating their properties requires to deal with the the Schrödinger equation. In the present study we employ different Monte Carlo methods that allow to find numerical solutions to it by employing a set of stochastic techniques. The simplest one that we introduce corresponds to the Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) method, that despite its simplicity, allows to obtain variational solutions to the many-body problem. A more accurate description is provided by Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC), that provides exact solutions for the ground state of the system when dealing with bosons. We continue presenting two methods that rely on the Feynman's path integral formalism of quantum mechanics: Path Integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) and Path Integral Ground State (PIGS), that provide exact solutions for the bosonic problem at finite and zero temperature respectively. In order to work with fermionic systems, as we do in chapter 4 of this thesis, the DMC algorithm has to be modified with the Fixed-Node (FN) approximation, what alows to avoid the sign problem. Doing so, the results obtained with DMC correspond to variational upper bounds to the energy. In chapter 3 we study the superfluid properties of a system of dipolar bosons that are fully polarized and in which the atoms are restricted to move in the plane. We also consider that all the dipolar moments form a certain tilting angle with the axis perpendicular to the plane, what allows to introduce anisotropy in the system. The phase diagram at zero temperature of this system reveals the existence of three different phases: gas, stripe and solid. Here we focus on the characterization of the superfluid properties across that phase diagram. Our calculations allow to address the question of whether the stripe phase of this system could be a candidate for the supersolid, a system that simultaneously exhibit spatial long-range order and superfluidity. By the employment of DMC and PIGS, we report finite supefluid and condensate fractions, both in the gas and the stripe phases. Then, the study is completed by performing finite temperature calculations, where the use of PIMC allows to characterize the BKT transition and to report the critical temperature at which it occurs in the different phases. Finally, by direct comparison with the predictions of the Luttinger Liquid theory, we explicitly show that the stripe phase can not be described as an ensemble of 1D isolated systems. In chapter 4, we study the fermionic dipolar system in two dimensions, focusing in the case in which all dipoles are polarized along the direction, that in this case is chosen to be the one perpendicular to the plane containing their movement. We compute the equation of state of the system in a wide range of interaction parameters. In the low density regime, the comparison of our results for the dipolar model with those of a hard-disks one allows to determine the regime of universality. On the other hand, at higher densities ( and before crystallization), we discuss the issue of itinerant ferromagnetism, that is, the possibility of having a polarized phase as the ground state of the system. The repulsive Fermi polaron with dipolar interaction, that corresponds to the limit of ultralow concentration of impurities embebed in a fermionic bath is also studied. Here we determine the regime of universality for this problem and compute observables that allow to discuss the validity of the quasi-particle picture. In the last part of the thesis, the formation of ultra-dilute dipolar droplets is studied. Our results are in agreement with experimental measurements performed with dysprosium atoms. On the other hand, the evaluation of their differences with the prediction of the extended Gross-Pitaevskii equation makes it possible to determine the limits of the mean-field approach to this problem. El objeto de estudio de esta tesis son los sistemas dipolares en el régimen cuántico degenardo. Usualmente, tratar con sistemas de muchos cuerpos y para evaluar sus propiedades requiere ser capaz de resolver la ecuación de Schrödinger. En el presente estudio, empleamos diferentes métodos de Monte Carlo, que permiten encontrar soluciones numéricas de forma estocásticas. La primera y más simple de estas técnicas es el método Variational Monte Carlo (VMC), que da una solución variacional. Una mejora sobre lo anterior consiste en emplear el método Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) que permite obtener soluciones exactas para el estado fundamental del sistema (cuando se estudian sistemas bosónicos). Continuamos presentando dos métodos que se basan en el formalismo Feynman de la mecánica cuántica: Path Integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) y Path Integral Ground State (PIGS), que proporcionan soluciones exactas para el problema bosónico a temperatura finita y en el límite de temperatura cero respectivamente. Para trabajar con sistemas fermionicos, como es el caso del capítulo 4 de esta tesis, el algoritmo DMC tiene que ser modificado según la prescripción Fixed-Node para evitar el problema del signo. Al hacerlo, los resultados obtenidos con DMC se corresponden a soluciones variacionales a la energía. En el capítulo 3 estudiamos las propiedades superfluidas de un sistema de bosones dipolares completamente polarizados y en el que el movimiento de los dipolos está restringido al plano. También consideramos que los momentos dipolares forman un cierto ángulo con el eje perpendicular al plano, lo que permite introducir anisotropía en el sistema. El diagrama de fases a temperatura cero de este sistema revela la existencia de tres fases diferentes: gas, stripe y sólido. Aquí nos centramos en la caracterización de las propiedades superfluidas en ese diagrama de fases. Nuestros cálculos permiten abordar la cuestión de si la fase stripe de este sistema podría ser un candidato para el supersólido: un sistema en el que dos simetrías U (1) se rompen simultáneamente, permitiendo al sistema exhibir orden espacial de largo alcance y a la vez ser superfluido. Mediante el empleo de DMC y PIGS, evaluamos la fracción superfluída y el condensado, tanto en las fases de gas como en el stripe. Este estudio se completa con la extensión a temperatura finita, donde el uso de PIMC permite caracterizar la transición superfluida y obtener la temperatura crítica a la que ésta ocurre en las fases gas y stripe. Finalmente, por comparación directa con las predicciones Líquido de Luttinger, mostramos explícitamente que la fase de stripe no puede describirse como un conjunto de sistemas 1D aislados. En el capítulo 4, estudiamos el sistema dipolar fermiónico en dos dimensiones, enfocándonos en el caso en que todos los dipolos están polarizados a lo largo de la dirección que es perpendicular al plano que contiene su movimiento. Calculamos la ecuación de estado del sistema en un amplio rango de parámetros de interacción: a baja densidad, la comparación de nuestro modelo dipolar con uno de discos duros permite determinar el régimen de universalidad, mientras que a densidades más altas (antes de la cristalización), discutimos la posibilidad de una fase polarizada como el estado fundamental del sistema (ferromagnetismo itinerante). El polaron fermiónico dipolar, correspondiente al límite de impurezas ultradiluídas en un baño fermiónico también es estudiado, determinando el régimen de universalidad y los límites de validez de la aproximación de quasi-partícula. En la última parte de la tesis, la formación de gotas dipolares ultradiluídas es estudiada. Nuestros resultados están en acuerdo con medidas experimentales con átomos de disprosio. Por otro lado, la evaluación de las diferencias entre éstos y la predicción dada por la ecuación de Gross-Pitaevskii extendida, permite evaluar los límites de la aproximación