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arXiv:2610.22023

Loss-independent time-delay estimation via Hong-Ou-Mandel photon bunching detection

Julián Defant, Agustina G. Magnoni, Miguel A. Larotonda, Laura T. Knoll

quant-phSubmitted Oct 15, 2026• Announced Oct 16, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

In this work we study the application of two-photon correlated quantum states for high-precision time estimation. To achieve this, photon pairs were fed into a Hong-Ou-Mandel polarization interferometer to generate N00N entangled states with $N = 2$. Two- and four-detector schemes were considered, and the achievable time estimation precision of each was studied, with particular emphasis on the system's Fisher information in each case. Our results reveal that using a four-detector scheme, enabling the measurement of both coincidence and photon-bunching terms, achieves the maximum precision given by the quantum Fisher information, without the need of characterizing system losses. We also show that correlations between repetitions arise due to systematic errors, limiting the precision enhancement that can be obtained by increasing the number of repetitions. Taking these correlations into account, we show that the four-detector scheme outperforms the two-detector scheme in the precision of time-delay estimation. With the experimentally determined calibration uncertainties, the four-detector scheme improves the dispersion by a factor of 2 for the repetitions performed, reaching up to a factor of 4 as both schemes approach their systematic floors.

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11 pages, 5 figures

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In this work we study the application of two-photon correlated quantum states for high-precision time estimation. To achieve this, photon pairs were fed into a Hong-Ou-Mandel polarization interferometer to generate N00N entangled states with N=2N = 2N=2. Two- and four-detector schemes were considered, and the achievable time estimation precision of each was studied, with particular emphasis on the system's Fisher information in each case. Our results reveal that using a four-detector scheme, enabling the measurement of both coincidence and photon-bunching terms, achieves the maximum precision given by the quantum Fisher information, without the need of characterizing system losses. We also show that correlations between repetitions arise due to systematic errors, limiting the precision enhancement that can be obtained by increasing the number of repetitions. Taking these correlations into account, we show that the four-detector scheme outperforms the two-detector scheme in the precision of time-delay estimation. With the experimentally determined calibration uncertainties, the four-detector scheme improves the dispersion by a factor of 2 for the repetitions performed, reaching up to a factor of 4 as both schemes approach their systematic floors.
The Hong-Ou-Mandel effect provides a mechanism to determine the distinguishability of a photon pair by measuring the bunching rates of two photons interfering at a beam splitter. Of particular interest is the distinguishability in time, which can be used to probe a time delay. Photon detectors themselves give some timing information, however, while that resolution may dwarf that of an interferometric technique, typical analyses reduce the interference to a binary event, neglecting temporal information in the detector. By modeling detectors with number and temporal resolution we demonstrate a greater precision than coincidence rates or temporal data alone afford. Moreover, the additional information can allow simultaneous estimation of a time delay alongside calibration parameters, opening up the possibility of calibration-free protocols and approaching the precision of the quantum Cram\'er-Rao bound.
Abstract An analysis of the precision of temporal delay estimation in a Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interferometer is carried out via the error propagation formula and the classical Fisher information. The study finds delay times characterized by a minimum precision, where precision is defined as the standard deviation of the estimated delay, and those for which this precision is a minimal fraction of the delay time itself. The temporal delay is measured in units set by the location of the inflection point on the HOM coincidence dip, with the corresponding delay time in the considered models depending solely on the biphoton spectrum width. The paper also discusses the estimation of photon loss probability in an interferometer, which is based on the temporal delay estimate that possesses minimum variance.
Abstract Quantum interference is known to become extinct with distinguishing information, as illustrated by the ubiquitous double-slit experiment or the two-photon Hong–Ou–Mandel effect. In the former case single particle interference is destroyed with which-path information while in the latter bunching interference tails-off as photons become distinguishable. It has been observed that when more than two particles are involved, these interference patterns are in general a non-monotonic function of the distinguishability. Here we perform a comprehensive characterization, both theoretically and experimentally, of four-photon interference by analyzing the corresponding correlation functions, contemplating several degrees of distinguishability across different parameters. This study provides all the necessary tools to quantify the impact of multi-photon interference on precision measurements of parameters such as phase, frequency, and time difference. We apply these insights to quantify the precision in the estimation of an interferometric phase in a two-port interferometer using a four-photon state. Our results reveal that, for certain phase values, partially distinguishable multi-photon states can achieve higher Fisher information values compared to the two-photon experiment. These findings highlight the potential of distinguishable multi-photon states for enhanced precision in quantum metrology and related applications.
Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry takes advantage of the quantum nature of two-photon interference to increase the resolution of precision measurements of time-delays. Relying on few-photon probe states, this approach is applicable also in cases of extremely sensible samples and it achieves attosecond (nanometer path length) scale resolution, which is relevant to cell biology and two-dimensional materials. Here, we theoretically analyze how the precision of Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometers can be significantly improved by engineering the spectral distribution of two-photon probe states. In particular, we assess the metrological power of different classes of biphoton states with non-Gaussian time-frequency spectral distributions, considering the estimation of both time-and frequency-shifts. We find that grid states, characterized by a periodic structure of peaks in the chronocyclic Wigner function, can outperform standard biphoton states in sensing applications. The considered states can be feasibly produced with atomic photon sources, bulk non-linear crystals and integrated photonic waveguide devices.
Hong-Ou-Mandel interference, the fact that identical photons that arrive simultaneously on different input ports of a beam splitter bunch into a common output port, can be used to measure optical delays between different paths. It is generally assumed that great precision in the measurement requires that photons contain many frequencies, i.e., a large bandwidth. Here we challenge this “well-known” assumption and show that the use of two well-separated frequencies embedded in a quantum entangled state (discrete color entanglement) suffices to achieve great precision. We determine optimum working points using a Fisher Information analysis and demonstrate the experimental feasibility of this approach by detecting thermally-induced delays in an optical fiber. These results may significantly facilitate the use of quantum interference for quantum sensing, by avoiding some stringent conditions such as the requirement for large bandwidth signals.
Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry takes advantage of the quantum nature of two-photon interference to increase the resolution of precision measurements of time delays. Relying on few-photon probe states, this approach is applicable also in cases of extremely sensible samples and it achieves attosecond-scale resolution, which is relevant to cell biology and two-dimensional materials. Here, we theoretically analyze how the precision of Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometers can be significantly improved by engineering the spectral distribution of two-photon probe states. In particular, we assess the metrological power of different classes of biphoton states with non-Gaussian time-frequency spectral distributions, considering the estimation of both time and frequency shifts. We find that grid states, characterized by a periodic structure of peaks in the chronocyclic Wigner function, can outperform standard biphoton states in sensing applications [1].