arXiv:2610.21326

Critical Ising Model on the Periodic Cubic Lattice $(\mathbb{Z}/L\mathbb{Z})^{3}$

Shenglan Yuan

Published Oct 15, 2026• 0 citations

Abstract

We investigate the critical behaviour of the nearest-neighbour Ising model on the three-dimensional periodic cubic lattice $(\mathbb{Z}/L\mathbb{Z})^{3}$, and we present a companion set of Monte Carlo simulations. After recalling the rigorous results on the continuity of the spontaneous magnetization in $d=3$ and the triviality of the scaling limit in $d\ge 4$, we compile modern high-precision estimates of the 3D Ising critical exponents and verify the scaling relations that connect them. We then describe numerical measurements of the Binder cumulant, the magnetic susceptibility, the specific heat, the two-point correlation function, and the finite-size scaling of the magnetization. We discuss the systematic uncertainties that affect the extraction of the exponent ratios $γ/ν$ and $α/ν$, and we emphasize that an exponential fit of the correlation function is not appropriate at the critical point, where the decay is algebraic.

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.21326

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arXiv:2610.21326

Critical Ising Model on the Periodic Cubic Lattice $(\mathbb{Z}/L\mathbb{Z})^{3}$ Critical Ising Model on the Periodic Cubic Lattice $(\mathbb{Z}/L\mathbb{Z})^{3}$

Shenglan Yuan

Published Oct 15, 2026• 0 citations

arXiv HTML PDF

Abstract

We investigate the critical behaviour of the nearest-neighbour Ising model on the three-dimensional periodic cubic lattice

(\mathbb{Z}/L\mathbb{Z})^{3}

, and we present a companion set of Monte Carlo simulations. After recalling the rigorous results on the continuity of the spontaneous magnetization in

d=3

and the triviality of the scaling limit in

d\ge 4

, we compile modern high-precision estimates of the 3D Ising critical exponents and verify the scaling relations that connect them. We then describe numerical measurements of the Binder cumulant, the magnetic susceptibility, the specific heat, the two-point correlation function, and the finite-size scaling of the magnetization. We discuss the systematic uncertainties that affect the extraction of the exponent ratios

γ/ν

and

α/ν

, and we emphasize that an exponential fit of the correlation function is not appropriate at the critical point, where the decay is algebraic.

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.21326

Related papers

Critical behavior of a cubic-lattice 3D Ising model for systems with quenched disorder

Akai Kurbanovich Murtazaev, Ibragimkhan K. Kamilov, Albert Babaevich Babaev

A Monte Carlo method is applied to simulate the static critical behavior of a cubic-lattice 3D Ising model for systems with quenched disorder. Numerical results are presented for the spin concentrations of p = 1.0, 0.95, 0.9, 0.8, 0.6 on L × L × L lattices with L = 20–60 under periodic boundary conditions. The critical temperature is determined by the Binder cumulant method. A finite-size scaling technique is used to calculate the static critical exponents α, β, γ, and ν (for specific heat, susceptibility, magnetization, and correlation length, respectively) in the range of p under study. Universality classes of critical behavior are discussed for three-dimensional diluted systems.A Monte Carlo method is applied to simulate the static critical behavior of a cubic-lattice 3D Ising model for systems with quenched disorder. Numerical results are presented for the spin concentrations of p = 1.0, 0.95, 0.9, 0.8, 0.6 on L × L × L lattices with L = 20–60 under periodic boundary conditions. The critical temperature is determined by the Binder cumulant method. A finite-size scaling technique is used to calculate the static critical exponents α, β, γ, and ν (for specific heat, susceptibility, magnetization, and correlation length, respectively) in the range of p under study. Universality classes of critical behavior are discussed for three-dimensional diluted systems.

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arXiv:cond-mat/9509016Journal of Physics A Mathematical and GeneralNov 21, 1995308 citations

On the Ising model for the simple cubic lattice

Roland Häggkvist, Anders Rosengren, P. H. Lundow +3 more

The Ising model was introduced in 1920 to describe a uniaxial system of magnetic moments, localized on a lattice, interacting via nearest-neighbour exchange interaction. It is the generic model for a continuous phase transition and arguably the most studied model in theoretical physics. Since it was solved for a two-dimensional lattice by Onsager in 1944, thereby representing one of the very few exactly solvable models in dimensions higher than one, it has served as a testing ground for new developments in analytic treatment and numerical algorithms. Only series expansions and numerical approaches, such as Monte Carlo simulations, are available in three dimensions. This review focuses on Monte Carlo simulation. We build upon a data set of unprecedented size. A great number of quantities of the model are estimated near the critical coupling. We present both a conventional analysis and an analysis in terms of a Puiseux series for the critical exponents. The former gives distinct values of the high- and low-temperature exponents; by means of the latter we can get these exponents to be equal at the cost of having true asymptotic behaviour being found only extremely close to the critical point. The consequences of this for simulations of lattice systems are discussed at length.The Ising model was introduced in 1920 to describe a uniaxial system of magnetic moments, localized on a lattice, interacting via nearest-neighbour exchange interaction. It is the generic model for a continuous phase transition and arguably the most studied model in theoretical physics. Since it was solved for a two-dimensional lattice by Onsager in 1944, thereby representing one of the very few exactly solvable models in dimensions higher than one, it has served as a testing ground for new developments in analytic treatment and numerical algorithms. Only series expansions and numerical approaches, such as Monte Carlo simulations, are available in three dimensions. This review focuses on Monte Carlo simulation. We build upon a data set of unprecedented size. A great number of quantities of the model are estimated near the critical coupling. We present both a conventional analysis and an analysis in terms of a Puiseux series for the critical exponents. The former gives distinct values of the high- and low-temperature exponents; by means of the latter we can get these exponents to be equal at the cost of having true asymptotic behaviour being found only extremely close to the critical point. The consequences of this for simulations of lattice systems are discussed at length.

Advances In PhysicsSep 1, 200740 citations

Monte Carlo investigation of critical dynamics in the three-dimensional Ising model

Stephan Wansleben, D. P. Landau

We report the results of a Monte Carlo investigation of the (equilibrium) time-displaced correlation functions for the magnetization and energy of a simple cubic Ising model as a function of time, temperature, and lattice size. The simulations were carried out on a CDC CYBER 205 supercomputer employing a high-speed, vectorized multispin coding program and using a total of 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{12}$ Monte Carlo spin-flip trials. We used L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L lattices with periodic boundary conditions and L as large as 96. The short-time and long-time behaviors of the correlation functions are analyzed by fits to a sum of exponential decays, and the critical exponent z for the largest relaxation time is extracted using a finite-size-scaling analysis. Our estimate z=2.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 resolves an intriguing contradiction in the literature; it satisfies the theoretical lower bound and is in agreement with the prediction obtained by \ensuremath{\epsilon} expansion. We also consider various small systematic errors that typically occur in the analysis of relaxation functions and show how they can lead to spurious results if sufficient care is not exercised.We report the results of a Monte Carlo investigation of the (equilibrium) time-displaced correlation functions for the magnetization and energy of a simple cubic Ising model as a function of time, temperature, and lattice size. The simulations were carried out on a CDC CYBER 205 supercomputer employing a high-speed, vectorized multispin coding program and using a total of 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{12}$ Monte Carlo spin-flip trials. We used L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L lattices with periodic boundary conditions and L as large as 96. The short-time and long-time behaviors of the correlation functions are analyzed by fits to a sum of exponential decays, and the critical exponent z for the largest relaxation time is extracted using a finite-size-scaling analysis. Our estimate z=2.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 resolves an intriguing contradiction in the literature; it satisfies the theoretical lower bound and is in agreement with the prediction obtained by \ensuremath{\epsilon} expansion. We also consider various small systematic errors that typically occur in the analysis of relaxation functions and show how they can lead to spurious results if sufficient care is not exercised.

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G. Szukowski, G. Kamieniarz, Grzegorz Musiał

Monte Carlo simulations in the three-dimensional (3D) Ashkin-Teller model on a cubic lattice are performed in the regions of the two-parameter space diagram where Ising-type phase transitions are expected. The scaling behavior of the Binder cumulant Q and the magnetic susceptibility in the critical region are exploited. In simulations the periodic boundary conditions and the Metropolis algorithm are used. Starting from Ising critical exponents and applying the finite-size-scaling analysis of the cumulant Q with nonlinear corrections, the accurate positions of the critical couplings on the continuous phase transition lines are calculated. For these couplings the critical exponent y(h) is calculated analyzing the magnetic susceptibility in the framework of the finite-size scaling with corrections. The values of y(h) agree with the 3D Ising model value along two lines determined by the order parameter [ssigma] .Monte Carlo simulations in the three-dimensional (3D) Ashkin-Teller model on a cubic lattice are performed in the regions of the two-parameter space diagram where Ising-type phase transitions are expected. The scaling behavior of the Binder cumulant Q and the magnetic susceptibility in the critical region are exploited. In simulations the periodic boundary conditions and the Metropolis algorithm are used. Starting from Ising critical exponents and applying the finite-size-scaling analysis of the cumulant Q with nonlinear corrections, the accurate positions of the critical couplings on the continuous phase transition lines are calculated. For these couplings the critical exponent y(h) is calculated analyzing the magnetic susceptibility in the framework of the finite-size scaling with corrections. The values of y(h) agree with the 3D Ising model value along two lines determined by the order parameter [ssigma] .

Physical Review EMar 21, 200812 citations

Critical behavior of three-dimensional Ising spin glass models

Martin Hasenbusch B, Andrea Pelissetto C, Ettore Vicari

We perform high-statistics Monte Carlo simulations of three-dimensional Ising spin glass models on cubic lattices of size $L$ : the $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J$ (Edwards-Anderson) Ising model for two values of the disorder parameter $p$ , $p=0.5$ and $p=0.7$ (up to $L=28$ and $L=20$ , respectively), and the bond-diluted bimodal model for bond-occupation probability ${p}_{b}=0.45$ (up to $L=16$ ). The finite-size behavior of the quartic cumulants at the critical point allows us to check very accurately that these models belong to the same universality class. Moreover, it allows us to estimate the scaling-correction exponent $\ensuremath{\omega}$ related to the leading irrelevant operator: $\ensuremath{\omega}=1.0(1)$. Shorter Monte Carlo simulations of the bond-diluted bimodal models at ${p}_{b}=0.7$ and ${p}_{b}=0.35$ (up to $L=10$ ) and of the Ising spin glass model with Gaussian bond distribution (up to $L=8$ ) also support the existence of a unique Ising spin glass universality class. A careful finite-size analysis of the Monte Carlo data which takes into account the analytic and the nonanalytic corrections to scaling allows us to obtain precise and reliable estimates of the critical exponents. We obtain $\ensuremath{\nu}=2.45(15)$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}=\ensuremath{-}0.375(10)$.We perform high-statistics Monte Carlo simulations of three-dimensional Ising spin glass models on cubic lattices of size $L$: the $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J$ (Edwards-Anderson) Ising model for two values of the disorder parameter $p$, $p=0.5$ and $p=0.7$ (up to $L=28$ and $L=20$, respectively), and the bond-diluted bimodal model for bond-occupation probability ${p}_{b}=0.45$ (up to $L=16$). The finite-size behavior of the quartic cumulants at the critical point allows us to check very accurately that these models belong to the same universality class. Moreover, it allows us to estimate the scaling-correction exponent $\ensuremath{\omega}$ related to the leading irrelevant operator: $\ensuremath{\omega}=1.0(1)$. Shorter Monte Carlo simulations of the bond-diluted bimodal models at ${p}_{b}=0.7$ and ${p}_{b}=0.35$ (up to $L=10$) and of the Ising spin glass model with Gaussian bond distribution (up to $L=8$) also support the existence of a unique Ising spin glass universality class. A careful finite-size analysis of the Monte Carlo data which takes into account the analytic and the nonanalytic corrections to scaling allows us to obtain precise and reliable estimates of the critical exponents. We obtain $\ensuremath{\nu}=2.45(15)$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}=\ensuremath{-}0.375(10)$.

arXiv:0809.3329Physical Review BDec 17, 2008119 citations

Critical Ising Model on the Periodic Cubic Lattice

(\mathbb{Z}/L\mathbb{Z})^{3}

We investigate the critical behaviour of the nearest-neighbour Ising model on the three-dimensional periodic cubic lattice

(\mathbb{Z}/L\mathbb{Z})^{3}

, and we present a companion set of Monte Carlo simulations. After recalling the rigorous results on the continuity of the spontaneous magnetization in

d=3

and the triviality of the scaling limit in

d\ge 4

γ/ν

and

α/ν

, and we emphasize that an exponential fit of the correlation function is not appropriate at the critical point, where the decay is algebraic.

{10}^{12}

Monte Carlo spin-flip trials. We used L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L lattices with periodic boundary conditions and L as large as 96. The short-time and long-time behaviors of the correlation functions are analyzed by fits to a sum of exponential decays, and the critical exponent z for the largest relaxation time is extracted using a finite-size-scaling analysis. Our estimate z=2.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 resolves an intriguing contradiction in the literature; it satisfies the theoretical lower bound and is in agreement with the prediction obtained by \ensuremath{\epsilon} expansion. We also consider various small systematic errors that typically occur in the analysis of relaxation functions and show how they can lead to spurious results if sufficient care is not exercised.

We perform high-statistics Monte Carlo simulations of three-dimensional Ising spin glass models on cubic lattices of size

L

: the $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J$ (Edwards-Anderson) Ising model for two values of the disorder parameter

p

p=0.5

and

p=0.7

(up to

L=28

and

L=20

, respectively), and the bond-diluted bimodal model for bond-occupation probability

{p}_{b}=0.45

(up to

L=16

). The finite-size behavior of the quartic cumulants at the critical point allows us to check very accurately that these models belong to the same universality class. Moreover, it allows us to estimate the scaling-correction exponent $\ensuremath{\omega}$ related to the leading irrelevant operator: $\ensuremath{\omega}=1.0(1)$. Shorter Monte Carlo simulations of the bond-diluted bimodal models at

{p}_{b}=0.7

and

{p}_{b}=0.35

(up to

L=10

) and of the Ising spin glass model with Gaussian bond distribution (up to

L=8

) also support the existence of a unique Ising spin glass universality class. A careful finite-size analysis of the Monte Carlo data which takes into account the analytic and the nonanalytic corrections to scaling allows us to obtain precise and reliable estimates of the critical exponents. We obtain $\ensuremath{\nu}=2.45(15)$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}=\ensuremath{-}0.375(10)$.