Constraints on the Origin of Universal $1/f^2$ Photon-Count Spectra at Baseband

Abstract

A series of 11.6-d-duration photon-counting experiments, employing a broad variety of light sources with different statistical properties and optical spectra, were carried out over a 1.5-yr period. All of the photon-count spectra at baseband followed a common $1/f^2$ form over the frequency range $1 \times 10^{-6} \leqslant f \leqslant 5 \times 10^{-4}$ Hz, corresponding to a timescale range $33$ min $ \leqslant T_f \leqslant 11.6$ d, where $T_f \equiv 1/f$. The lower and upper timescale limits were established by the photodetector noise floor and the duration of the individual experiments, respectively. Unlike ordinary Brownian motion, all of the measured photon-count sample paths exhibited irregular long-timescale fluctuations, with durations ranging from hours to days. It has been established that the photon-count spectra cannot plausibly be ascribed to fluctuations of the current, voltage, or temperature of the source or the detector, nor to technical sources of noise associated with the optical system or local environment. Although the physical origin of the photon-count fluctuations remains unresolved, several heterodox hypotheses are set forth. From a statistical point-of-view, the photon counts appear to follow a doubly stochastic Poisson process with a slowly varying random intensity. Analogous experiments that rely on ionizing radiation and direct-conversion solid-state radiation detectors are proposed.