Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2609.28367

The Minimal Dimension of Entangled-Noise Advantage

Xiao-Ke Wang, Zi-Yuan Liu, Ming-Yang Li, Shengjun Wu, Zeng-Bing Chen

quant-phSubmitted Sep 23, 2026• Announced Sep 24, 2026• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Can entangled noise erase entanglement more efficiently than separable noise? Standard robustness restricts the added noise to separable states; generalized robustness allows any state. We prove that the two costs coincide for every two-qubit state and give an explicit full-rank qubit--qutrit state with a strict gap. Positivity under partial transpose (PPT) characterizes separability in both dimensions, so the boundary is not caused by a failure of the PPT criterion. Instead, product-vector geometry permits a rank-one bridge between the two-qubit dual optimizations and supplies a two-dimensional completely entangled subspace for the qubit--qutrit separation. Local isometric embeddings complete the finite-dimensional bipartite classification, also for any fixed multipartite cut. Combined with known three-qubit separation, the result classifies universal equality relative to full separability in all finite multipartite systems.

Comments
32 pages, 4 figures

Related papers

Susceptibility of qudit-qudit entanglement to quantum noise: insights from the negativity rank

Matthew Chen, Natalie Klco

One aspect of complexity for quantum many-body systems resides in their ability to exhibit entanglement, uniquely quantum correlations central to quantum computation. To quantitatively explore the diminishing effect that quantum noise has on entanglement resources, we focus on the negativity witness, an entanglement measure based on local time reversal transformations that provides a perfect witness in simple physical contexts. Beyond calculation of the negativity, we analyze the associated eigenvalue spectra of partially transposed density matrices for qudit-qudit bipartitions, finding that higher negativity rank provides greater(reduced) robustness to targeted(depolarizing) noise. In particular, we extend the maximum number of separable states that can be arbitrarily mixed into an entangled pure ensemble while retaining negativity to be exactly equal to the original negativity rank. Furthermore, we report how understanding the role of the negativity rank with respect to the completely depolarizing channel allows direct calculation of (1) certain noise boundaries for the Absolutely Positive Partial Transpose (APPT) subspace beyond which no unitary operator is capable of generating negativity and (2) the maximum qutrit-qutrit APPT purity. Beyond proving tight bounds and contributing to the ongoing search for APPT entanglement, these results expand our understanding of the nuanced relationship between computation with entanglement and practical environments for operating quantum devices.

quant-pharXiv:2610.10820•Oct 9, 2026•0 citations

Entanglement Cost of Optimal Distributed Quantum State Purification

Jiayi Zhao, Chengkai Zhu, Xin Wang +1 more

We determine the preshared entanglement required for spatially separated parties, restricted to local operations and classical communication, to attain globally optimal probabilistic two-copy purification of arbitrary bipartite pure states under depolarizing noise. In every local dimension $d\ge 2$, one shared maximally entangled qubit pair suffices: local controlled-SWAP operations exactly reproduce the globally optimal successful transformation. Conversely, any finite-dimensional preshared resource state that attains the same benchmark, even under a positive-partial-transpose relaxation, must have entanglement of formation at least one ebit. For pure resources with one ebit, or for two-qubit resources including mixed states, attaining the benchmark is possible only for states with exactly two nonzero Schmidt weights, both equal to $1/2$, namely those locally unitarily equivalent to a maximally entangled qubit pair. These findings provide a benchmark for evaluating the entanglement demands of noise management in quantum networks and modular quantum computers.

quant-pharXiv:2609.23441•Sep 22, 2026•0 citations

Almost complete solution for the NP-hard separability problem of Bell diagonal qutrits

Christopher Popp, Beatrix C. Hiesmayr

With a probability of success of 95% we solve the separability problem for Bell diagonal qutrit states with positive partial transposition (PPT). The separability problem, i.e. distinguishing separable and entangled states, generally lacks an efficient solution due to the existence of bound entangled states. In contrast to free entangled states that can be used for entanglement distillation via local operations and classical communication, these states cannot be detected by the Peres-Horodecki criterion or PPT criterion. We analyze a large family of bipartite qutrit states that can be separable, free entangled or bound entangled. Leveraging a geometrical representation of these states in Euclidean space, novel methods are presented that allow the classification of separable and bound entangled Bell diagonal states in an efficient way. Moreover, the classification allows the precise determination of relative volumes of the classes of separable, free and bound entangled states. In detail, out of all Bell diagonal PPT states [Formula: see text] are determined to be separable while [Formula: see text] are bound entangled and only [Formula: see text] remain unclassified. Moreover, our applied criteria are compared for their effectiveness and relation as detectors of bound entanglement, which reveals that not a single criterion is capable to detect all bound entangled states.

arXiv:2205.11405•Scientific Reports•Jul 21, 2022•14 citations

Exact entanglement trade-offs in qutrit and composite-dimensional stabilizer states

Zakaria Dahbi

When absolute maximal entanglement is unavailable in a state family, different objectives can select different distributions of residual entanglement. We determine exact trade-offs for qutrit stabilizer states and binary--ternary product states. For eight qutrits, evaluation of the complete published classification gives three nondominated balanced-cut entanglement profiles, characterized by the probabilities of obtaining three or four maximally entangled qutrit pairs. We relate the squared entropy-deficit objective to code weight enumerators and use a uniformity-forcing bound to prove that its eleven-qutrit minimum is six. The unique minimizing Clifford class is an already classified code, whose entropy profile also attains a sharp bound on average reference--erasure mutual information among four-uniform eleven-qutrit stabilizer states. In local dimension six, explicit sector alignments attain 56 maximally mixed four-party reductions, the maximum for arbitrary binary--ternary product states. Within the stabilizer product family, the exact cost--count Pareto boundary consists of $(44,48)$ and $(48,56)$. These results identify when aggregate optimization determines operational entanglement properties and when it does not. Published classifications supply coverage; analytical bounds, explicit witnesses, and independent arithmetic checks establish the stated consequences.

quant-pharXiv:2605.05167•May 7, 2026•0 citations

Bound entangled singlet-like states for quantum metrology

Károly F. Pál, Géza Tóth, Erika Bene +1 more

Bipartite entangled quantum states with a positive partial transpose (PPT), i.e., PPT entangled states, are usually considered very weakly entangled.Since no pure entanglement can be distilled from them, they are also called bound entangled.In this paper, we present two classes of (2d × 2d)-dimensional PPT entangled states for any d 2 which outperform all separable states in metrology significantly.We present strong evidence that our states provide the maximal metrological gain achievable by PPT states for a given system size.When the dimension d goes to infinity, the metrological gain of these states becomes maximal and equals the metrological gain of a pair of maximally entangled qubits.Thus, we argue that our states could be called "PPT singlets."

arXiv:2002.12409•Physical Review Research•May 10, 2021•19 citations

Comparing bound entanglement of bell diagonal pairs of qutrits and ququarts

Christopher Popp, Beatrix C. Hiesmayr

We compare the classification as entangled or separable of Bell diagonal bipartite qudits with positive partial transposition (PPT) and their properties for different dimensions. For dimension [Formula: see text], a form of entanglement exists that is hard to detect and called bound entanglement due to the fact that such entangled states cannot be used for entanglement distillation. Up to this date, no efficient solution is known to differentiate bound entangled from separable states. We address and compare this problem named separability problem for a family of bipartite Bell diagonal qudits with special algebraic and geometric structures and applications in quantum information processing tasks in different dimensions. Extending analytical and numerical methods and results for Bell diagonal qutrits ([Formula: see text]), we successfully classify more than [Formula: see text] of representative Bell diagonal PPT states for [Formula: see text]. Via those representative states we are able to estimate the volumes of separable and bound entangled states among PPT ququarts ([Formula: see text]). We find that at least [Formula: see text] of all PPT states are separable, [Formula: see text] bound entangled and for [Formula: see text] it remains unclear whether they are separable or bound entangled. Comparing the structure of bound entangled states and their detectors, we find considerable differences in the detection capabilities for different dimensions and relate those to differences of the Euclidean geometry for qutrits ([Formula: see text]) and ququarts ([Formula: see text]). Finally, using a detailed visual analysis of the set of separable and bound entangled Bell diagonal states in both dimensions, qualitative observations are made that allow to better distinguish bound entangled from separable states.

arXiv:2209.15267•Scientific Reports•Feb 4, 2023•12 citations
Can entangled noise erase entanglement more efficiently than separable noise? Standard robustness restricts the added noise to separable states; generalized robustness allows any state. We prove that the two costs coincide for every two-qubit state and give an explicit full-rank qubit--qutrit state with a strict gap. Positivity under partial transpose (PPT) characterizes separability in both dimensions, so the boundary is not caused by a failure of the PPT criterion. Instead, product-vector geometry permits a rank-one bridge between the two-qubit dual optimizations and supplies a two-dimensional completely entangled subspace for the qubit--qutrit separation. Local isometric embeddings complete the finite-dimensional bipartite classification, also for any fixed multipartite cut. Combined with known three-qubit separation, the result classifies universal equality relative to full separability in all finite multipartite systems.
One aspect of complexity for quantum many-body systems resides in their ability to exhibit entanglement, uniquely quantum correlations central to quantum computation. To quantitatively explore the diminishing effect that quantum noise has on entanglement resources, we focus on the negativity witness, an entanglement measure based on local time reversal transformations that provides a perfect witness in simple physical contexts. Beyond calculation of the negativity, we analyze the associated eigenvalue spectra of partially transposed density matrices for qudit-qudit bipartitions, finding that higher negativity rank provides greater(reduced) robustness to targeted(depolarizing) noise. In particular, we extend the maximum number of separable states that can be arbitrarily mixed into an entangled pure ensemble while retaining negativity to be exactly equal to the original negativity rank. Furthermore, we report how understanding the role of the negativity rank with respect to the completely depolarizing channel allows direct calculation of (1) certain noise boundaries for the Absolutely Positive Partial Transpose (APPT) subspace beyond which no unitary operator is capable of generating negativity and (2) the maximum qutrit-qutrit APPT purity. Beyond proving tight bounds and contributing to the ongoing search for APPT entanglement, these results expand our understanding of the nuanced relationship between computation with entanglement and practical environments for operating quantum devices.
We determine the preshared entanglement required for spatially separated parties, restricted to local operations and classical communication, to attain globally optimal probabilistic two-copy purification of arbitrary bipartite pure states under depolarizing noise. In every local dimension d≥2d\ge 2d≥2, one shared maximally entangled qubit pair suffices: local controlled-SWAP operations exactly reproduce the globally optimal successful transformation. Conversely, any finite-dimensional preshared resource state that attains the same benchmark, even under a positive-partial-transpose relaxation, must have entanglement of formation at least one ebit. For pure resources with one ebit, or for two-qubit resources including mixed states, attaining the benchmark is possible only for states with exactly two nonzero Schmidt weights, both equal to 1/21/21/2, namely those locally unitarily equivalent to a maximally entangled qubit pair. These findings provide a benchmark for evaluating the entanglement demands of noise management in quantum networks and modular quantum computers.
With a probability of success of 95% we solve the separability problem for Bell diagonal qutrit states with positive partial transposition (PPT). The separability problem, i.e. distinguishing separable and entangled states, generally lacks an efficient solution due to the existence of bound entangled states. In contrast to free entangled states that can be used for entanglement distillation via local operations and classical communication, these states cannot be detected by the Peres-Horodecki criterion or PPT criterion. We analyze a large family of bipartite qutrit states that can be separable, free entangled or bound entangled. Leveraging a geometrical representation of these states in Euclidean space, novel methods are presented that allow the classification of separable and bound entangled Bell diagonal states in an efficient way. Moreover, the classification allows the precise determination of relative volumes of the classes of separable, free and bound entangled states. In detail, out of all Bell diagonal PPT states [Formula: see text] are determined to be separable while [Formula: see text] are bound entangled and only [Formula: see text] remain unclassified. Moreover, our applied criteria are compared for their effectiveness and relation as detectors of bound entanglement, which reveals that not a single criterion is capable to detect all bound entangled states.
When absolute maximal entanglement is unavailable in a state family, different objectives can select different distributions of residual entanglement. We determine exact trade-offs for qutrit stabilizer states and binary--ternary product states. For eight qutrits, evaluation of the complete published classification gives three nondominated balanced-cut entanglement profiles, characterized by the probabilities of obtaining three or four maximally entangled qutrit pairs. We relate the squared entropy-deficit objective to code weight enumerators and use a uniformity-forcing bound to prove that its eleven-qutrit minimum is six. The unique minimizing Clifford class is an already classified code, whose entropy profile also attains a sharp bound on average reference--erasure mutual information among four-uniform eleven-qutrit stabilizer states. In local dimension six, explicit sector alignments attain 56 maximally mixed four-party reductions, the maximum for arbitrary binary--ternary product states. Within the stabilizer product family, the exact cost--count Pareto boundary consists of (44,48)(44,48)(44,48) and (48,56)(48,56)(48,56). These results identify when aggregate optimization determines operational entanglement properties and when it does not. Published classifications supply coverage; analytical bounds, explicit witnesses, and independent arithmetic checks establish the stated consequences.
Bipartite entangled quantum states with a positive partial transpose (PPT), i.e., PPT entangled states, are usually considered very weakly entangled.Since no pure entanglement can be distilled from them, they are also called bound entangled.In this paper, we present two classes of (2d × 2d)-dimensional PPT entangled states for any d 2 which outperform all separable states in metrology significantly.We present strong evidence that our states provide the maximal metrological gain achievable by PPT states for a given system size.When the dimension d goes to infinity, the metrological gain of these states becomes maximal and equals the metrological gain of a pair of maximally entangled qubits.Thus, we argue that our states could be called "PPT singlets."
We compare the classification as entangled or separable of Bell diagonal bipartite qudits with positive partial transposition (PPT) and their properties for different dimensions. For dimension [Formula: see text], a form of entanglement exists that is hard to detect and called bound entanglement due to the fact that such entangled states cannot be used for entanglement distillation. Up to this date, no efficient solution is known to differentiate bound entangled from separable states. We address and compare this problem named separability problem for a family of bipartite Bell diagonal qudits with special algebraic and geometric structures and applications in quantum information processing tasks in different dimensions. Extending analytical and numerical methods and results for Bell diagonal qutrits ([Formula: see text]), we successfully classify more than [Formula: see text] of representative Bell diagonal PPT states for [Formula: see text]. Via those representative states we are able to estimate the volumes of separable and bound entangled states among PPT ququarts ([Formula: see text]). We find that at least [Formula: see text] of all PPT states are separable, [Formula: see text] bound entangled and for [Formula: see text] it remains unclear whether they are separable or bound entangled. Comparing the structure of bound entangled states and their detectors, we find considerable differences in the detection capabilities for different dimensions and relate those to differences of the Euclidean geometry for qutrits ([Formula: see text]) and ququarts ([Formula: see text]). Finally, using a detailed visual analysis of the set of separable and bound entangled Bell diagonal states in both dimensions, qualitative observations are made that allow to better distinguish bound entangled from separable states.