Unraveling the Emergence of Slow Dynamics in U(1) Lattice Gauge Theories

Abstract

The dynamics of gauge theories is of fundamental interest, with low-dimensional systems displaying a rich phenomenology beyond the rapid thermalization typical of QCD and non-Abelian theories. In particular, recent quantum simulation experiments have reported robust and unexpected signatures of slow relaxation in generic regimes and at large volumes in one-dimensional U(1) lattice gauge theories (LGTs), whose origin remains poorly understood. Here, we present a framework that provides a unified perspective on such slow dynamics and establishes a new route for exploring subdiffusive fractonic hydrodynamics in Rydberg experiments. The backbone of our theory is an exact analytical mapping from U(1) LGTs with a topological $θ$ angle to non-local kinetically constrained fermionic models with an emergent linear Stark potential. In the absence of the $θ$ term, this framework interprets the non-thermal dynamics reported in recent experiments as prethermal behavior arising from proximity to an integrable free-fermion model. For non-zero $θ$, the emergent Stark potential instead explains the freezing dynamics observed in other recent experiments. We argue that this correspondence could also lead to subdiffusive transport due to emergent conservation laws. We predict that these phenomena arise in a much broader class of models, and support this prediction with numerical simulations and proposals for future experiments.