High-fidelity two-qubit gates in neutral-atom arrays rely on the Rydberg blockade, which is intrinsically short ranged and requires long range connectivity to be achieved through atom shuttling. We propose a four level architecture, where the typical ground state qubit can be leveraged for its long lifetime and the Rydberg states couple to a microwave cavity, allowing for long range cavity mediated gates. We first find the thermal dependence of two established protocols, the dispersive iSWAP native to the Tavis-Cummings model and the Controlled phase gate generated from driving the cavity. We simulate them under the presence of Rydberg decay, thermal photons, finite cavity linewidth and find fidelities which accompany closed form bounds. We then introduce the bichromatic Raman gate, which only virtually populates the Rydberg states and cancels dispersive shifts to mitigate both atomic and cavity decay, achieving a fidelity of $F = 0.997$. Finally, we consider a full optical tweezer array in a microwave cavity, and show that using a cavity mediated gate to close the periodic boundaries of the toric code shortens an error correction round by a factor of 2.3 for realistic array sizes. This was then applied to the wider family of Bivariate bicycle codes, and we find that it shortens a round of the gross code by a factor of 4.8.
High-fidelity two-qubit gates in neutral-atom arrays rely on the Rydberg blockade, which is intrinsically short ranged and requires long range connectivity to be achieved through atom shuttling. We propose a four level architecture, where the typical ground state qubit can be leveraged for its long lifetime and the Rydberg states couple to a microwave cavity, allowing for long range cavity mediated gates. We first find the thermal dependence of two established protocols, the dispersive iSWAP native to the Tavis-Cummings model and the Controlled phase gate generated from driving the cavity. We simulate them under the presence of Rydberg decay, thermal photons, finite cavity linewidth and find fidelities which accompany closed form bounds. We then introduce the bichromatic Raman gate, which only virtually populates the Rydberg states and cancels dispersive shifts to mitigate both atomic and cavity decay, achieving a fidelity of F=0.997. Finally, we consider a full optical tweezer array in a microwave cavity, and show that using a cavity mediated gate to close the periodic boundaries of the toric code shortens an error correction round by a factor of 2.3 for realistic array sizes. This was then applied to the wider family of Bivariate bicycle codes, and we find that it shortens a round of the gross code by a factor of 4.8.
Scalable quantum computers and quantum networks require the combination of quantum processing nodes with efficient light-matter interfaces to distribute quantum information in local or long-distance quantum networks. Neutral-atom arrays have both been coupled to Rydberg states to enable high-fidelity quantum gates in universal processing architectures, and to optical cavities to realize interfaces to photons. However, combining these two capabilities and coupling atom arrays to highly excited Rydberg states in the mode of an optical cavity has been an outstanding challenge. Here we present a novel cavity-coupled Rydberg array that achieves this long-standing goal. We prepare, detect, and control individual atoms in a scalable optical tweezer array, couple them strongly to the optical mode of a high-finesse optical cavity and excite them in a controlled way to Rydberg states. We show that high-cooperativity coupling to an optical cavity -- demonstrated via the dispersive shift of the resonance of the cavity in presence of the atoms -- and strong Rydberg interactions -- demonstrated via the collective enhancement of Rydberg coupling in the atomic array -- can be achieved in our setup at the same spatial location. Our presented experimental platform opens the path to several new directions, including the realization of quantum network nodes, quantum simulation of long-range interacting, open quantum systems and photonic-state engineering leveraging high-fidelity Rydberg control.
Efficient quantum error correction and fault-tolerant quantum computing require scalable, high-fidelity long-range connectivity. In neutral-atom quantum computers, this is commonly achieved through atom transport, but shuttling introduces latency and motional heating that worsen with system size. Here, we introduce a neutral-atom architecture based on static atomic buses, in which auxiliary mediator atoms enable long-range entangling operations without qubit transport. The architecture naturally supports long-range stabilizer measurements in high-rate LDPC codes and transversal logical gates between neighboring surface-code patches, enabling a modular framework for efficient logical memories, Clifford computation, and magic-state distillation. To realize these capabilities, we co-design optimal-control protocols for bus-mediated controlled-Z gates that incorporate both microscopic neutral-atom dynamics and architectural constraints. We obtain smooth bus-mediated gates with fidelities approaching 99.9% and durations of a few hundred nanoseconds by combining time-optimal control with interaction-flatness and robustness constraints. Large-scale simulations of quantum error correction and logical entangling operations between neighboring surface-code patches predict more than an order-of-magnitude improvement in logical error rates compared with atom-shuttling architectures under realistic noise. The architecture achieves logical gate times of approximately 100 us and quantum-error-correction cycle times of about 1 ms for code distances d<12. These results establish static atomic buses as a practical alternative to atom shuttling for scalable fault-tolerant neutral-atom quantum computing.
Neutral atoms in optical tweezer arrays have emerged as a leading platform for quantum information processing. The fidelity of entangling gates mediated by Rydberg interactions has improved rapidly and is increasingly constrained by blackbody-radiation-induced transitions, which shorten Rydberg lifetimes and create contaminant states that can cause correlated errors. Cryogenic environments can suppress these transition rates by more than an order of magnitude. However, realizing a universal gate set in such an environment has remained an outstanding challenge. Here, we demonstrate a universal quantum gate set in a cryogenic 133Cs atom array, with a single-qubit gate fidelity of 99.970(2)% and a raw two-qubit entangling-gate fidelity of 99.76(8)%, within the range of leading room-temperature implementations. The entangling gate uses direct single-photon coupling between the electronic ground state and a Rydberg P state, avoiding scattering and light shifts associated with two-photon coupling. The gate operates at a modest Rabi frequency of 2π×4.3 MHz. The measured fidelity agrees with our error model dominated by atomic motion, indicating a straightforward route to higher fidelity through improved cooling, while the fundamental error contribution from Rydberg decay is below 3×10−4. These results establish a path to entangling-gate fidelities substantially beyond the current state of the art through cryogenic suppression of Rydberg decay, reducing the overhead for fault-tolerant computation.
The scalability of fault-tolerant neutral-atom quantum computers is constrained by the latency of shuttling with optical tweezers, imposing a stringent trade-off between qubit overhead and circuit depth in quantum algorithm compilation. Here we propose a hardware-efficient, shuttling-free architecture that achieves all-to-all connectivity. Remote Rydberg atoms are resonantly entangled through a microwave ``Cat Bus''---a cavity mode autonomously stabilized in a bosonic cat state. The Cat Bus natively supports the highly parallelized execution of one-to-many CZn gates with exponentially suppressed crosstalk. We derive the resulting cat--atom error channel from the underlying interactions and physical constraints. For fault-tolerant operation, we develop a hardware-aware scheduling scheme that exploits the native cat--atom CZn gate to construct a syndrome-extraction circuit with minimum depth. We benchmark the architecture using hypergraph-product (HGP) codes and estimate a 180-fold reduction in syndrome-extraction cycle time at N=105 data qubits compared with an atom-rearrangement-based architecture. Under matched two-qubit depolarizing noise, the corresponding error threshold increases from 0.55% to 0.72%. Under the hardware-derived error model, we obtain a threshold of 0.80%, corresponding to a threshold cooperativity of Cth=7.8×104, compatible with experimentally accessible parameters for Rydberg-coupled microwave-cavity systems. By avoiding atom transport, the Cat Bus provides a route towards high-speed, fault-tolerant neutral-atom quantum computation.
Neutral atom arrays have rapidly emerged as a leading platform for quantum computing, boasting scalable, configurable arrays of single atoms trapped in optical tweezers, fast, high-fidelity entangling gates through Rydberg interactions, and programmable, parallelized control of qubit operations. Coupling an atom array to an optical cavity opens a new frontier. Leveraging enhanced light-atom interactions in cavity quantum electrodynamics, cavity- coupled atom arrays acquire capabilities that can further expand the neutral atom toolbox, including cavity-enhanced atom readouts, atom-photon entanglement, and photon-mediated interactions between distant atoms. This thesis presents a quantum hardware platform that integrates an array of neutral atoms with a high-finesse optical cavity. After describing the design and development of the experimental apparatus, I demonstrate high-fidelity atom state readout through the cavity, achieving improved speed and atom survival compared to conventional free-space imaging methods. I then introduce a new technique for selectively controlling atom-cavity coupling on arbitrary subsets of the array, using local AC Stark shifts on the excited states of the atoms. Building on these tools, I demonstrate fast, non-destructive cavity-based readout of atom arrays, a crucial bottleneck of atom array platforms. I also showcase real-time measurement and feedback capabilities with a demonstration of classical error correction, using a register of atomic bits. Finally, I describe progress toward implementing single- and two-qubit gates within the cavity-coupled system. By combining coherent control, tunable interactions, and high-fidelity, non-destructive readout integrated and real-time feedback, the cavity-coupled Rydberg atom array offers a promising path toward fault-tolerant quantum computing.
The central prerequisite of any fault-tolerant quantum architecture is a quantum memory: a block of encoded physical qubits whose logical state is actively preserved against noise across many rounds of error correction. In neutral-atom Rydberg arrays, realizing such a memory is obstructed not by the entangling gates themselves, which are already fast and high-fidelity, but by the auxiliary operations that a conventional error-correction cycle requires: mid-circuit fluorescence measurement, inter-zone atom transport, and locally focused single-qubit addressing. Each of these introduces latency, atom loss, or optical crosstalk that exceeds the cost of the underlying gates by orders of magnitude. These costs accumulate cycle after cycle, progressively degrading the very logical information the code is meant to protect. Here we propose a protocol that stabilizes a toric-code quantum memory without moving, measuring or local addressing atoms. The key is to use a three-species Rydberg atom array for the complete stabilizer cycle, including syndrome extraction, coherent correction, and ancilla reset, under global, species-selective laser pulses. Numerical simulation of a 4×4 rotated toric code shows a longer qubit lifetime when the physical error rate is below a pseudo-threshold p⋆≈0.034. The scheme offers a concrete, hardware-efficient route to topological quantum memory in neutral-atom platforms.