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arXiv:2609.06643

Entanglement Growth as Transport Across Schmidt Scales

Shi-Xin Zhang, Shuo Liu, Yu-Qin Chen

quant-phcond-mat.dis-nnSubmitted Sep 6, 2026• Announced Sep 8, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum entanglement growth is commonly summarized by a single entropy, obscuring where correlations reside in the exponentially large Schmidt spectrum and how they form. Here, we introduce Schmidt-scale concentration and dominant Schmidt scale, two coordinates that locate the probability maximum across logarithmic windows in ordered Schmidt-rank space. Applied to quenches of a random-field spin chain, these coordinates distinguish rapid transport of the dominant scale to higher Schmidt rank at weak disorder from strongly suppressed transport despite continued logarithmic entropy growth at strong disorder. The disorder-averaged dynamics exhibit an ordered hierarchy: entropy production peaks first, spectral roughness and exact nonlocal magic peak next, and dominant-Schmidt-scale transport becomes typical only after a substantial delay. Moreover, a solvable head--tail model and controlled numerical experiments reveal the physical origin of this hierarchy: the spectral path determines the order of events, local dynamics on active exchange bonds set their early timing, and intra-subsystem many-body dressing further delays dominant-Schmidt-scale transport. These results establish the Schmidt-scale coordinates as powerful dynamical probes for uncovering fine-grained entanglement structures distinguishing entanglement production, entanglement-spectrum reorganization, and dominant-Schmidt-scale transport beyond entropy alone.

Comments
4.5 pages, 3 figures, with references and supplemental materials

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Quantum entanglement growth is commonly summarized by a single entropy, obscuring where correlations reside in the exponentially large Schmidt spectrum and how they form. Here, we introduce Schmidt-scale concentration and dominant Schmidt scale, two coordinates that locate the probability maximum across logarithmic windows in ordered Schmidt-rank space. Applied to quenches of a random-field spin chain, these coordinates distinguish rapid transport of the dominant scale to higher Schmidt rank at weak disorder from strongly suppressed transport despite continued logarithmic entropy growth at strong disorder. The disorder-averaged dynamics exhibit an ordered hierarchy: entropy production peaks first, spectral roughness and exact nonlocal magic peak next, and dominant-Schmidt-scale transport becomes typical only after a substantial delay. Moreover, a solvable head--tail model and controlled numerical experiments reveal the physical origin of this hierarchy: the spectral path determines the order of events, local dynamics on active exchange bonds set their early timing, and intra-subsystem many-body dressing further delays dominant-Schmidt-scale transport. These results establish the Schmidt-scale coordinates as powerful dynamical probes for uncovering fine-grained entanglement structures distinguishing entanglement production, entanglement-spectrum reorganization, and dominant-Schmidt-scale transport beyond entropy alone.
Quantum entanglement and magic are complementary resources underlying quantum computational advantage, yet their dynamical relation in many-body systems remains poorly understood. In this Letter, we show that the mechanism of bipartite entanglement growth is encoded in the relative timescale between the entropy-growth-rate peak and the magic barrier, defined as the transient peak of the anti-flatness of the entanglement spectrum. When entanglement is locally built, the same microscopic process increases the entropy and reshapes the Schmidt spectrum, so the magic-barrier peak occurs in the time window of maximal entropy growth. When entanglement is mainly transported or redistributed, entropy can grow before appreciable spectral non-flatness is generated, naturally separating the two peak times. We demonstrate this distinction in the random-field XXZ chain: the two peaks remain strongly correlated in the thermal regime, while their separation grows systematically across the thermal--MBL crossover. We further validate this theoretical framework by employing Bell-pair initial states alongside a tunable SWAP--Haar random circuit. Our results reveal an intrinsic dynamical connection between entanglement and magic, establishing the magic barrier as a powerful spectral diagnostic of how quantum information is generated, transported, and reshaped.
The many-body localized phase of quantum systems is an unusual dynamical phase wherein the system fails to thermalize and yet, entanglement grows unboundedly albeit very slowly in time. We present a microscopic theory of this ultraslow growth of entanglement in terms of dynamical eigenstate correlations of strongly disordered, interacting quantum systems in the many-body localized regime. These correlations involve sets of four or more eigenstates and hence, go beyond correlations involving pairs of eigenstates which are usually studied in the context of eigenstate thermalization or lack thereof. We consider the minimal case, namely, the second R\'enyi entropy of entanglement, of an initial product state as well as that of the time-evolution operator, wherein the correlations involve quartets of four eigenstates. We identify that the dynamics of the entanglement entropy is dominated by the spectral correlations within certain special quartets of eigenstates. We uncover the spatial structure of these special quartets and the ensuing statistics of the spectral correlations amongst the eigenstates therein, which reveals a hierarchy of timescales or equivalently, energy scales. We show that the hierarchy of these timescales along with their nontrivial distributions conspire to produce the logarithmic in time growth of entanglement, characteristic of the many-body localized regime. The underlying spatial structures in the set of special quartets also provides a microscopic understanding of the spacetime picture of the entanglement growth. The theory therefore provides a much richer perspective on entanglement growth in strongly disordered systems compared to the commonly employed phenomenological approach based on the $\ensuremath{\ell}$-bit picture.
Exponentially small spectral gaps are the central obstacle to adiabatic quantum annealing, yet whether such bottlenecks demand correspondingly complex entanglement remains unclear. We show that gap scaling and entanglement complexity need not be linked. Conventional first-order transitions combine exponentially small gaps with bounded O(1)O(1)O(1) bipartite Schmidt rank, even though the critical states retain global multipartite correlations, while continuous transitions combine polynomially closing gaps with logarithmically growing entanglement. We show that each pairing can also be inverted: in a known first-order transition in a staggered-field antiferromagnetic Ising chain the gap closes polynomially despite bounded Schmidt rank, while we construct a mirror-twin manifold model whose gap closes exponentially even as its entanglement entropy grows logarithmically with system size. We derive bounds connecting Schmidt rank to Hamming-space geometry, and identify manifold density and connectivity as the ingredients that determine which combination occurs. These results show that entanglement complexity alone cannot characterize annealing difficulty, and point toward a broader search for quantum resources that capture the geometry of state evolution in Hilbert space.
The nonequilibrium dynamics of disordered many-body quantum systems after a quantum quench unveils important insights about the competition between interactions and disorder, yielding, in particular, an interesting perspective toward the understanding of many-body localization. Still, the experimentally relevant effect of bond randomness in long-range interacting spin chains on their dynamical properties have so far not been investigated. In this Letter, we examine the entanglement entropy growth after a global quench in a quantum spin chain with randomly placed spins and long-range tunable interactions decaying with distance with power $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. Using a dynamical version of the strong disorder renormalization group we find for $\ensuremath{\alpha}>{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$ that the entanglement entropy grows logarithmically with time and becomes smaller with larger $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ as $S(t)={S}_{p}ln(t)/(2\ensuremath{\alpha})$. Here, ${S}_{p}=2ln2\ensuremath{-}1$. We present results of numerical exact diagonalization calculations for system sizes up to $N\ensuremath{\sim}16$ spins, in good agreement with the analytical results for sufficiently large $\ensuremath{\alpha}>{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}1.8$. For $\ensuremath{\alpha}<{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}$, we find that the entanglement entropy grows as a power law with time, $S(t)\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}(\ensuremath{\alpha})}$ with $0<\ensuremath{\gamma}(\ensuremath{\alpha})<1$ a decaying function of the interaction exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$.
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Entanglement embezzlement asks how much entanglement can be borrowed from a many-body state by local operations and classical communication while returning that state with a small error. We uncover a conservation-law mechanism that redistributes the dominant probability mass of the Schmidt spectrum in the logarithmic Schmidt-rank coordinate and thereby controls this operational resource. For typical random pure states at fixed U(1) charge, we prove a finite-error conversion law: away from half filling, the charge bias converts O(L)O(\sqrt L)O(L​) charge fluctuations into O(L)O(\sqrt L)O(L​) borrowable entanglement, whereas particle--hole symmetry at half filling removes this contribution entirely. We then show how the resource develops dynamically in charge-conserving random circuits. Combining hydrodynamic analysis with large-scale replica tensor-network calculations, we find that diffusion broadens the operationally relevant distribution in the logarithmic Schmidt-rank coordinate on the scale t1/4t^{1/4}t1/4 and increases the amount of entanglement that can be borrowed. Charge transport therefore continues to reorganize the entanglement spectrum and activate embezzlement after the leading volume-law entropy has saturated.