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arXiv:2609.06480

Quantum Optics of harmonic generation in the strongly driven Jaynes-Cummings-type system

M Suman, Sili Yi, Maria Chekhova, Misha Ivanov

quant-phphysics.opticsSubmitted Sep 6, 2026• Announced Sep 8, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

We adapt the Jaynes-Cummings model to study the interface of cavity quantum electrodynamics with strong field and attosecond physics. We show how multi-photon resonances in the Jaynes- Cummings system driven by a strong low-frequency classical light field lead to the generation of highly non-classical, quantum-correlated harmonics of the classical driver. Our treatment assumes no approximations, apart from the typical Jaynes-Cummings model assumption of only a few discrete quantum modes of light. The paper is dedicated to Joseph Henry Eberly, whose remarkable research has left indelible mark on both strong field physics and quantum optics.

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We adapt the Jaynes-Cummings model to study the interface of cavity quantum electrodynamics with strong field and attosecond physics. We show how multi-photon resonances in the Jaynes- Cummings system driven by a strong low-frequency classical light field lead to the generation of highly non-classical, quantum-correlated harmonics of the classical driver. Our treatment assumes no approximations, apart from the typical Jaynes-Cummings model assumption of only a few discrete quantum modes of light. The paper is dedicated to Joseph Henry Eberly, whose remarkable research has left indelible mark on both strong field physics and quantum optics.
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We analyze the time-dependent physical spectrum of a driven Jaynes-Cummings model in which both the two-level system and the quantized cavity mode are subject to coherent classical driving. The time-dependent Hamiltonian is mapped, via well-defined unitary transformations, onto an effective stationary Jaynes-Cummings form. Within this framework, we derive closed-form expressions for the two-time correlation functions of both the atomic and field operators. These correlation functions are subsequently used to evaluate the time-dependent physical spectrum according to the Eberly-Wódkiewicz definition, which properly accounts for finite spectral resolution and transient emission dynamics. We show that the external driving leads to substantial modifications of the atomic spectral response, including controllable frequency shifts and asymmetric line shapes. Importantly, we identify a regime in which the driving parameters are chosen such that the coherent displacement induced in the cavity field exactly cancels out the initial coherent amplitude. In this limit, the system dynamics reduce to that of an effectively vacuum-initialized Jaynes-Cummings model, and the standard vacuum Rabi splitting is recovered. This behavior provides a clear and physically transparent interpretation of the spectral features as arising from coherent field displacement rather than from modifications of the underlying atom-cavity coupling.
Bright squeezed light from parametric down-conversion in the infrared (IR) frequency range has triggered the emergence of attosecond quantum optics -- a new research field at the interface of quantum optics, strong-field physics, and attosecond technology. Two challenges arise at this interface: transferring quantum features of the IR light sources to the ultraviolet (UV) and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) frequency range via strong-field nonlinearities, and exploiting quantum optical properties of the nonlinear optical response as a new probe in ultrafast dynamics. Here, we address both by driving high-harmonic generation (HHG) in solids with entangled photon pairs either in degenerate or non-degenerate frequency modes. In the degenerate mode, single-shot measurements of harmonics up to the 10th order reveal strong photon bunching whose g(2)g^{(2)}g(2) first grows and then decreases with the harmonic order. We show that this behavior tracks different microscopic mechanisms responsible for harmonic emission, demonstrating the potential of attosecond quantum optical spectroscopy. In the non-degenerate case, the harmonics retain quantum-induced correlations, verified by wavelength-resolved second-order cross-correlation maps. Our findings demonstrate transfer of quantum photon correlations into the XUV domain and open a pathway toward quantum-enhanced attosecond spectroscopy and control of ultrafast dynamics in solids.
Intense light-matter interaction largely relies on the use of high-power light sources, creating fields comparable to, or even stronger than, the field keeping the electrons bound in atoms. Under such conditions, the interaction induces highly nonlinear processes such as high harmonic generation, in which the low-frequency photons of a driving laser field are upconverted into higher-frequency photons. These processes have enabled numerous groundbreaking advances in atomic, molecular, and optical physics, and they form the foundation of attosecond science. Until recently, however, such processes were typically described using semi-classical approximations, since the quantum properties of the light field were not required to explain the observables. This has changed in the recent past. Ongoing theoretical and experimental advances show that fully quantized descriptions of intense light-matter interactions, which explicitly incorporate the quantum nature of the light field, open new avenues for both fundamental research and technological applications at the fully quantized level. These advances emerge from the convergence of quantum optics with strong-field physics and ultrafast science. Together, they have given rise to the field of quantum optics and quantum electrodynamics of strong-field processes.
High-harmonic generation (HHG) is a prototypical strong-field process in which intense light drives matter to emit radiation at integer multiples of the driving frequency. Extending HHG into the quantum-optical regime offers new opportunities to probe and control strongly nonlinear light-matter interactions using nonclassical states of light. Yet describing this regime requires a fully quantum treatment of the correlated electron-photon dynamics, which becomes computationally challenging for broadband, strongly squeezed fields. Here we solve the quantum-electrodynamical dynamics of a two-level system driven by bright squeezed vacuum in a converged multimode Hilbert space. Both the driving field and emitted harmonics are fully quantized, with the light-matter interaction treated nonperturbatively. This enables direct access to the multimode quantum state and its higher-order correlations beyond semiclassical sampling or perturbative descriptions. We show that squeezed-vacuum driving produces harmonic emission with qualitatively distinct second- and third-order photon correlations compared with coherent excitation. Moreover, back-action from the driven emitter strongly reshapes the incident squeezed field, generating pronounced Wigner-function negativities that evolve on attosecond timescales. Our results establish a fully quantum framework for broadband strong-field dynamics with squeezed light and provide a route to predicting and interpreting quantum-HHG experiments and their extension to more complex emitters.