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arXiv:2609.05570

Nanoscale NMR of DNA-Functionalized Diamond Using Individual NV Centers

Erika Janitz, Konstantin Herb, Laura A. Völker, Christian L. Degen, John M. Abendroth

physics.ins-detphysics.app-phquant-phSubmitted Sep 4, 2026• Announced Sep 7, 2026
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Abstract

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful probe of molecular structure and dynamics but typically requires large spin ensembles. Here, we demonstrate nanoscale NMR detection of fluorinated DNA using individual near-surface nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond nanopillar waveguides under ambient conditions. We covalently tether $^{19}$F-labeled oligonucleotides to mixed nitrogen- and oxygen-terminated surfaces, localizing target spins within the nanoscale sensing volume. Probabilistic spin simulations suggest that the measured signals are consistent with those expected from a few molecules and depend strongly on NV-molecule separation, configuration, and local surface heterogeneity. These results establish a framework for NMR of surface-tethered biomolecules and identify key challenges for single-molecule structural elucidation.

Comments
9 pages, 4 figures

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Two-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is essential in molecular structure determination. The Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center in diamond has been proposed and developed as an outstanding quantum sensor to realize NMR in nanoscale. In this work, we develop a scheme for two-dimensional nanoscale NMR spectroscopy based on quantum controls on an NV center. We carry out a proof of principle experiment on a target of two coupled 13^{13}13C nuclear spins in diamond. A COSY-like sequences is used to acquire the data on time domain, which is then converted to frequency domain with the fast Fourier transform (FFT). With the two-dimensional NMR spectrum, the structure and location of the set of nuclear spin are resolved. This work marks a fundamental step towards resolving the structure of a single molecule.
We propose a new concept for non-invasive, multiparametric liquid analysis based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre magnetometry, relaxometry and surface-tethered magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic nanoparticles are anchored to a diamond surface via DNA strands, forming nanoscale mechanical oscillators whose thermally driven motion is strongly influenced by the surrounding liquid environment. The resulting time-dependent magnetic fields couple to near-surface NV centres and are detected via optically detected magnetic resonance or changes in spin coherence time. By spatially patterning the diamond surface with regions functionalised by DNA tethers of different lengths, sequences, or chemical modifications, a single liquid is mapped onto a high-dimensional quantum response vector rather than a single scalar observable. Changes in viscosity, molecular adsorption, or chemical interactions modify the dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles in a region-specific manner, enabling differential sensing across the surface. We outline the physical transduction mechanism, discuss relevant scaling relations, and assess experimental feasibility using established wide-field NV magnetometry and relaxometry methods. The proposed platform combines quantum sensing with surface heterogeneity, offering a versatile route toward parallel, label-free liquid characterisation.