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arXiv:2609.04492

Gradient-based optimal control of the non-Hermitian skin effect in optomechanical arrays

Juste Deuyekbe, Philippe Djorwé, A. -H. Abdel-Aty, A. Elrashidi, Nsangou Mama, Serge Guy Nana Engo

quant-phSubmitted Sep 3, 2026• Announced Sep 7, 2026
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Abstract

In single-port non-Hermitian sensors the Petermann factor offsets susceptibility gains, imposing a strict resource bound on metrological precision. We test whether a multi-port geometry can evade this bound: a double-chain optomechanical ladder with opposing non-reciprocal hoppings spatially separates signal amplification from quantum-noise drainage, and gradient-based differentiable optimal control (DOC) maximizes the resource-normalized Fisher information $\Fnorm$ subject to a Hurwitz-stability constraint. Across system sizes $N\in\{\num{6},\dots,\num{16}\}$ the optimizer returns $\Fnorm>0$ in every case, with two coexisting solution classes whose selection is initialization-dependent: deep-stability configurations achieve $\Fnorm\in\numrange{0.937}{0.987}$ with attenuated transmission, while marginal-stability configurations deliver directional gain $\Gfwd\in\qtyrange{13.5}{15.5}{\dB}$ with isolation $\Iso\in\qtyrange{40}{64}{\dB}$. A multi-restart ensemble reveals these classes are the endpoints of a precision--gain frontier. All solutions remain Hurwitz-stable under \qty{5}{\percent} disorder (\qty{87.5}{\percent} recovery), and the deep-stability advantage survives realistic preamplifier noise at $\Fnormeff\approx\num{0.3}$--$\num{0.5}$. Mapped onto circuit-QED parameters, the architecture enables sub-attonewton force sensing and broadband axion searches across the \qtyrange{1}{10}{\giga\hertz} band.

Comments
main 21 pages, SI 18 pages, 12 figures

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The covariant quantum Fisher information (CQFI) has recently been established as the ultimate precision benchmark for pseudo-Hermitian sensors [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 080802 (2026)], yet existing analyses are limited to single-mode systems. Here we extend the CQFI formalism to multi-mode non-Hermitian Su-Schrieffer-Heeger lattices and reveal tunable topological enhancement enabled by the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE). Under open boundary conditions, the NHSE deforms the conventional Brillouin zone into a generalized Brillouin zone of radius r = exp(\k{appa}), where \k{appa} denotes the non-Bloch decay rate. While the total CQFI scales linearly with system size N, its prefactor depends critically on \k{appa}, yielding an enhancement factor E(N) = F_OBC / F_PBC that exceeds 30 for N ~ 30, substantially outperforming periodic-boundary sensors. The enhancement is robust against moderate local disorder and supports multi-parameter estimation, with the joint Cramér-Rao bound reduced by up to 15 orders of magnitude. These findings establish a spatial-domain mechanism for quantum metrology that complements time-domain strategies and is experimentally accessible using topoelectrical circuits, photonic lattices, and superconducting circuits with current technology.
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Non-Hermitian systems have emerged as a powerful paradigm for ultrasensitive sensing, leveraging unique spectral and dynamical properties unmatched in Hermitian physics. While recent theoretical bounds suggest these protocols offer no metrological advantage over Hermitian ones in the ideal shot-noise-limited regime when rigorously accounting for the success probability of non-unitary evolution, their practical utility in realistic experimental conditions has not yet been systematically explored. In this work, we shift the focus toward practical laboratory performance and demonstrate that non-Hermitian sensing protocols can significantly outperform their Hermitian counterparts in the presence of pervasive classical technical noises. This performance gain mainly stems from a strongly enhanced susceptibility that amplifies the signal response, effectively overcoming the precision floor imposed by technical imperfections. By numerically evaluating the Fisher information under technical noise, we further substantiate the regimes where non-Hermitian platforms yield definitive practical gains. Our results reconcile the ongoing debate between fundamental limits and experimental observations, offering a concrete avenue for building high-precision, noise-resilient sensors.
Distinct non-Hermitian dynamics has demonstrated its advantages in improving measurement precision over traditional sensing protocols. Multimode non-Hermitian lattice dynamics can provide exponentially enhanced quantum sensing where the quantum Fisher information (QFI) per photon increases exponentially with the lattice size. However, it has also been shown that the quintessential non-Hermitian skin effect does not provide any true advantage. In this paper, we demonstrate the importance of optimizing the phase of the coherent drive and the position of the injection and detection in multimode non-Hermitian quantum sensing. The QFI per photon can be exponentially enhanced or exponentially reduced depending on the parameters of the drive and detection. Specifically, it is demonstrated that for large amplification, by choosing appropriate coherent drive parameters, the non-Hermitian skin effect can provide exponentially enhanced quantum sensing. Moreover, in the regime beyond linear response, the skin effect can also provide a clear advantage as compared to the local perturbation and the proposed protocol is robust in tuning the amplification factor.
Within a normalized six-dimensional model of dissipative optomechanics (one cavity + two mechanical resonators), a synthetic-flux phase ΦsynΦ_{\rm syn}Φsyn​ acts as a reproducible control coordinate that selects the \emph{order} of a drive- and coupling-gated hyperchaos transition---up to four simultaneously positive Lyapunov exponents, beyond any reported single-mode benchmark. A phase-consistent Floquet--Lyapunov protocol (cross-checked by monodromy multipliers, dissipative volume balance ∑λi=Tr⁡(J)=−1.04\sumλ_i=\operatorname{Tr}(J)=-1.04∑λi​=Tr(J)=−1.04 and a 180-run three-seed audit) localizes the onset to a Neimark--Sacker bifurcation at $E^{*}=\num{1.060}$ (θ=0θ=0θ=0). As a secondary, model-level geometric clarification, the identical matched-resource force-sensing protocol returns a null gain on the chaotic attractor ($\mathcal{G}_{A/B}=\num{1.039}\pm\num{0.014}$), consistent with the matched-Fisher lemma: noise projected onto an unstable manifold is stretched by the same factor eλte^{λt}eλt as the deterministic signal. Truncated-Fock and truncated-Wigner checks support the mean-field description at selected points. All results remain strictly model-level: the strong-coupling sector lies $\num{2542}\times$ beyond anchored silicon optomechanical couplings. Closing that gap requires ultrasonic characterization of the mechanical degeneracy ω2ω_2ω2​, a measured inter-resonator hopping JmJ_mJm​, and the emergence of a genuine gigahertz platform.
Non-Hermitian systems have been extensively studied in quantum metrology due to their unique properties, such as the skin effects, exceptional points, and the non-reciprocity. It has been demonstrated that although non-Hermitian systems may achieve ultra-high precision of quantum sensing, the measurement precision greatly depends on the position of the coherent drive in the regime of linear response. In this paper, we further investigate how the position of the coherent drive impacts the precision of non-Hermitian sensing in the regime beyond linear response. It is found that in contrast to the linear case, the best possible quantum Fisher information per photon of the sensor does not depend on the position of the coherent drive in the nonlinear perturbation regime.