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arXiv:2609.01436

Bose--Einstein Condensation without an Initial Low-Energy Concentration Assumption

Siwei Luo, Jian-Guo Liu

Published Sep 1, 2026• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We prove that semi-strong convergence to a Bose--Einstein equilibrium below the critical temperature implies finite-time Bose--Einstein condensation (BEC) for conservative isotropic measure solutions of the spatially homogeneous quantum Boltzmann equation with low-momentum scattering degeneracy exponent $0\leqη<1$. For every admissible initial measure with $\overline T/\overline T_c<1$, there exists a conservative solution that has a positive zero-energy atom after a finite time without any assumption of initial concentration near zero energy. We also show that it persists and converges to the equilibrium condensate mass, while the full solution converges strongly. The proof introduces a method to obtain condensation from relaxation estimate to Bose--Einstein equilibrium. The relaxation estimate first gives a fixed amount of mass below a small energy level. We then use collision estimates at smaller and smaller energy scales and add their effects in a weighted sum functional with a fixed upper bound. If no atom forms at zero energy, enough mass remains in the positive-energy shells to force this sum to exceed its upper bound in finite time, which leads to condensation in finite time.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2609.01436

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We prove that semi-strong convergence to a Bose--Einstein equilibrium below the critical temperature implies finite-time Bose--Einstein condensation (BEC) for conservative isotropic measure solutions of the spatially homogeneous quantum Boltzmann equation with low-momentum scattering degeneracy exponent 0≤η<10\leqη<10≤η<1. For every admissible initial measure with T‾/T‾c<1\overline T/\overline T_c<1T/Tc​<1, there exists a conservative solution that has a positive zero-energy atom after a finite time without any assumption of initial concentration near zero energy. We also show that it persists and converges to the equilibrium condensate mass, while the full solution converges strongly. The proof introduces a method to obtain condensation from relaxation estimate to Bose--Einstein equilibrium. The relaxation estimate first gives a fixed amount of mass below a small energy level. We then use collision estimates at smaller and smaller energy scales and add their effects in a weighted sum functional with a fixed upper bound. If no atom forms at zero energy, enough mass remains in the positive-energy shells to force this sum to exceed its upper bound in finite time, which leads to condensation in finite time.
We study a quantum Boltzmann-Condensation system that describes the evolution of the interaction between a well formed Bose-Einstein condensate and the quasi-particles cloud. The kinetic model is valid for a dilute regime at which the temperature of the gas is very low compared to the Bose-Einstein condensation critical temperature. In particular, our system couples the density of the condensate from a Gross-Pitaevskii type equation to the kinetic equation through the dispersion relation in the kinetic model and the corresponding transition probability rate from pre to post collision momentum states. We rigorously show the following three properties (1) the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the system in the case of a radially symmetric initial configuration, (2) find qualitative properties of the solution such as instantaneous creation of exponential tails and, (3) prove the uniform condensate stability related to the initial mass ratio between condensed particles and quasi-particles. The stability result from (3) leads to global in time existence of the initial value problem for the quantum Boltzmann-Condensation system.
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The relaxation kinetics of an ideal Bose gas coupled to a phonon bath at temperatures below or equal to the critical temperature Tc{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}Tc​ is given within a unique scenario. During the first transient stage, which lasts a few characteristic scattering times, the initial distribution disappears. The following nonexponential relaxation towards a quantum degenerate equilibrium state with a Bose-Einstein condensate is a slow adiabatic process. For this second kinetic stage we find an analytic generic solution of the Boltzmann equation. The generic solution is independent of the initial distribution and completely defined by the ratio Tc{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}Tc​/Tb{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{b}}Tb​ of the critical and bath temperatures.
Quantum systems consisting of many particles are both interesting from the physics and the mathematics perspective. One aspect that makes them fascinating from the physics point of view is that they can exhibit quantum effects on macroscopic scales such as Bose-Einstein condensation. This phenomenon, first predicted 100 years ago by Bose [19] and Einstein [44], occurs when a dilute gas of bosons is cooled down to very low temperatures. Below a certain critical temperature a condensate forms, meaning that a macroscopic fraction of the particles is in the same one-particle state, and thus, quantum phenomena become relevant on length scales much larger than the individual atom. The occurrence of Bose-Einstein condensation is also related to superfluidity as suggested in [88]. Bose-Einstein condensation has been achieved experimentally independently by the groups of Cornell and Wieman [3] and Ketterle [40] earning them a Nobel prize in 2001. While Bose and Einstein analyzed theoretically the non-interacting gas, an effective theory describing weakly interacting Bose gases was proposed by Bogoliubov in 1947 with the goal of explaining the occurrence of superfluidity in liquid helium [18]. Using assumptions such as that condensation indeed occurs, his theory yields predictions for the low-energy states of the system. Seen from the mathematics perspective, describing the Bose gas is an interesting challenge due to the strong correlations between particles introduced by the interaction making this case much harder to study than the non-interacting one. In particular, a proof that Bose-Einstein condensation occurs in the thermodynamic limit for continuous systems is still out of reach. However, there has been a lot of work regarding the rigorous analysis of bosonic systems in various relevant regimes. This thesis contains three new contributions establishing rigorous results on bosonic systems in different, physically relevant settings. It is based on the articles [37, 27, 31]. The first result concerns the time-evolution of initially trapped Bose gases in the ultra-dilute Gross-Pitaevskii regime. Under some assumptions on the initial data satisfied in particular by a class of states that are expected to approximate the ground state in a trap, we derive a quasi-free approximation that is close to the true solution in L2L^2L2-norm. In particular, we show that this approximate wave function is described in terms of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a one-particle state following the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation together with pair excitations with respect to this condensate. As a corollary, we establish a central limit theorem for bounded one-particle observables. The second result is a simple proof of Bose-Einstein condensation for interacting, ultra-dilute gases. More specifically, we consider scalings interpolating between the Gross-Pitaevskii regime and the thermodynamic limit. While condensation had been shown to hold in these regimes before, the advantage of the method used here is its simplicity. Lastly, the third result establishes an upper bound on the ground state energy of a dilute Bose gas in the thermodynamic limit. It captures rigorously the third order correction to the energy per unit volume for sufficiently low densities as predicted in the physics literature first by Wu and subsequently others. Full-text embargoed until: 2026-01-01\textit{Full-text embargoed until: 2026-01-01}Full-text embargoed until: 2026-01-01
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of Feshbach molecules in a homogeneous Bose gas is studied at finite temperatures in a single-channel mean-field approach where the Hartree-Fock energy and pairing gap are determined self-consistently. In the molecular-BEC state, the atomic excitation is gapped and the molecular excitation is gapless. The binding energy of Feshbach molecules is shifted from the vacuum value by many-body effects. When the scattering length as{a}_{s}as​ of the atoms is negative, the system is subject to mechanical collapse due to negative compressibility. The system is stable in most regions with positive scattering lengths. However, at low temperatures near the resonance, the molecular-BEC state vanishes, and the coherent mixture of atomic and molecular BEC is subject to mechanical collapse.
This condition can be violated by increasing the density, or lowering the temperature. What then would be the value of z ? To answer this question, recall that in deriving Equation (18.1) in Section 14.12, we took the infinite-volume limit, and replaced the sum over states by an integration. This assigns zero weight to the state of zero momentum, for the volume element 4πp2dp vanishes at p = 0. In the formula (Equation [18.1]), n is therefore the density of particles with nonzero momentum, and this is the quantity bounded by Equation (18.4). When this bound is exceeded, the excess particles cannot disappear, as photons could, because their number is conserved. They are forced to go into the zero-momentum state, and this single quantum state becomes macroscopically occupied, that is, occupied by a finite fraction of the particles. This phenomenon is called Bose-Einstein condensation.