Abstract The static and dynamic properties of self-bound quantum droplets in a one-dimensional Bose-Bose mixture are discussed in the spirit of the Hartree–Fock-Bogoliubov theory. This latter enables us to provide beyond the Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) quantum corrections to the equation of state at both zero and finite temperatures. In the uniform case our results for the ground-state energy and the critical temperature are confirmed through comparison with Quantum Monte-Carlo simulation and with available theoretical results. The density profiles are supported by numerical simulations of the generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation which selfconsistently includes higher-order terms originating from the normal and anomalous fluctuations under the local density approximation. We show that the density exhibits a dip near its center in the flat-top plateau region for large interspecies interactions. We exemplify the impact of the beyond LHY corrections on the spatiotemporal evolution of the self-bound droplet in the presence of excitation induced by periodic density modulation. It is found that higher-order corrections may lead to the formation of a train of small droplets. We then extend our study for the case of inhomogeneous droplets in quasi one-dimensional Bose mixtures.
We study spin and density excitations of one-dimensional self-bound Bose-Bose droplets within Bogoliubov theory, and show that spin excitations come alive, especially as the interspecies coupling is made less attractive. We argue that spin excitations are particularly relevant in the one-dimensional droplet regime, where droplets are realized within the mean-field stability regime, as has been confirmed by the quantum Monte Carlo simulations. As the interspecies coupling strength increases within the mean-field stability regime, spin modes ultimately fall below the particle-emission threshold, thus becoming observable in the droplet spectrum. We analyze the Bogoliubov model for both pseudospinor and population-imbalanced scalar mixtures, encompassing both the density and spin sectors. We corroborate our findings through variational analysis of density- and spin-breathing modes, which offers physical insight into the mode structure and independently validates the spectrum, as well as through real-time dynamics. Additionally, we compare our results with both Petrov's original theory, which considers the Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) correction at the attractive edge of the mean-field stability regime, and a beyond-LHY description of Bose-Bose mixtures.
We investigate the formation, stability, and dynamics of three-dimensional ring-shaped and multipole vortical quantum droplets (QDs) in nonrotating dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates held in a toroidal trapping potential. The QD dynamics are investigated in the framework of the extended Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which includes long-range dipole-dipole interactions (DDIs) and the beyond-mean-field Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) term, revealing the emergence of self-bound states. Stable stationary solutions for multipole QDs with different values of the topological charge (vorticity S) are shaped as necklacelike modes, with the number of "beads" (multipole order) n=2S, up to S=6. The stability area of the multipoles shrinks with the increase of S. For higher values of S the centrifugal effect associated with the phase winding destabilizes the ring-shaped QDs and drives the formation of fragmented multipole droplet states. The dependence of the chemical potential, total energy, and peak density on the norm (number of particles) and S is produced. These findings uncover the stabilizing effect of the LHY correction and DDI anisotropy in maintaining complex QD states in the nonrotating configurations.
We theoretically investigate ground-state properties and collective excitations of one-dimensional quantum droplets in asymmetric Bose-Bose mixtures with unequal intraspin interactions. Using the extended Gross-Pitaevskii equation supported by variational, sum-rule, and linearization methods, we show that the intraspin interaction ratio substantially alters the droplet's density profile, driving a transition from Gaussian-like to flat-top shapes. By examining two experimentally relevant parameter regions, we analyze density profiles, radii, peak densities, and excitation spectra to distinguish quantum phases and to depict phase diagrams in the space of asymmetric interaction ratio and total atom number. We carefully study the frequencies of both well-known dipole and breathing modes and less-explored spin-dipole and spin-breathing modes. The breathing-mode frequency decreases monotonically with interaction ratio, approaching asymptotically the result of a conventional weakly interacting Bose gas. It varies nonmonotonically with total atom number, peaking at a critical point that highlights the crucial role of quantum fluctuations. In contrast, spin modes display distinct temporal spin density distributions and reveal in-phase and out-of-phase relative dynamics between components. Their frequencies depend instead monotonically on the interaction ratio and atom number. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of asymmetric quantum droplets and link to experimentally accessible regimes in ultracold
39K atomic gases.
The interacting Bose-Einstein condensates are mechanically stabilized by an external confinement such as magnetic, or optical traps. When the confinement is removed, they exhibit an expansion or collapse behavior depending on the interaction being repulsive, or attractive, respectively. The Gross-Pitaevskii mean-field theories are generally sufficient to provide a qualitative understanding of the condensate equilibrium properties and dynamics, therefore, beyond mean-field fluctuations are considered as minor quantitative corrections. The quantum droplet phases are self-stabilized phases of the condensate, in which the attractive mean-field interaction is stabilized by the repulsive Lee-Huang-Yang fluctuations without any external trap. The droplets are studied theoretically for binary Bose mixture and dipolar condensates, and both are recently realized in the ultracold atomic gas experiments. Here we propose the spin-1 condensate as another candidate to exhibit a quantum droplet phase. We argue that the spin-1 condensates in the polar and anti-ferromagnetic order parameters can exhibit a similar self-stabilizing mechanism. We also realize an analogy between the polarized spin-1 and Rabi-coupled binary mixture condensates. The Rabi frequency
ωR and quadratic Zeeman energy
q can tune the Lee-Huang-Yang energy for the Rabi-coupled mixture and spin-1 gas, respectively. Furthermore, the detuning
δ and linear Zeeman energy
p are external parameters to tune the polarization in Rabi-coupled mixture, and spin-1 gas, respectively, which can significantly change the mean-field energy. We create the phase diagram for the mechanical stability of the Rabi-coupled mixture and spin-1 gas on the parameter planes of
ωR−δ and
q−p, respectively. We finally address how the Bose mixture quantum droplets respond to the rotation. We find that the strongly confined quantum droplets exhibit triangular vortex lattices under rapid rotation. The properties of the vortex lattices differ from the repulsive condensates in three points. First, the change in the droplet size is only fractional at the rapid rotation limit, unlike the diverging radius of the repulsive condensate. This property can lead the way to realizing the lowest Landau level states and strongly correlated phases in the rotating ultracold gases. Secondly, the change in the core size throughout the vortex lattice is more tractable due to the finite density at the edge of the condensate. Finally, the vortex lattices are slightly distorted, which agrees with the expected vortex density profile due to the nonuniform superfluid density. In the rapid rotation limit, the droplet approaches the flat-top density profile, in which the vortex lattice is closest to a perfect periodicity.
Quantum droplets-arising from the delicate balance between repulsive and attractive interactions-continue to be of significant interest in the study of ultracold atomic systems. In this work, we revisit the ground-state properties and collective dynamics of one-dimensional quantum droplets. We identify a critical effective particle number, [Formula: see text], at which the superfluid fraction [Formula: see text] exhibits a distinct inflection point, indicating a structural transition in the ground state. For [Formula: see text], the density profile is sharply peaked, whereas for [Formula: see text], it flattens into a plateau-like shape well-approximated by the Thomas-Fermi model. Additionally, we show that super-Gaussian functions provide excellent fits to the ground-state density profiles, offering a simple and accurate modeling approach. To study the system's dynamical behavior, we develop an analytical framework for quantum droplets subjected to a periodic lattice potential. In the weak-lattice limit ([Formula: see text]), the excitation spectrum reveals a Goldstone gapless phonon mode, characteristic of superfluidity. However, at low densities, the inclusion of Lee-Huang-Yang corrections leads to phonon instabilities, consistent with the transition from a peak- to a plateau-like ground state. In the strong-lattice regime (large [Formula: see text]), a gap opens in the lowest excitation modes, suggesting a crossover from a superfluid to a Mott-insulating phase. Our findings should shed light on key aspects of a low-dimensional quantum droplet.