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arXiv:2608.13218

Heterogeneously Integrated Squeezed-Light Generation and Detection on a Single Photonic Chip

Haoran Chen, Benjamin Westcott, Fatemehsadat Tabatabaei, Xiangwen Guo, Shuman Sun, Zijiao Yang, Gedalia Y. Koehler, Beichen Wang, Shadrach Sarpong, Steven Bowers, Olivier Pfister, Andreas Beling, Xu Yi

quant-phphysics.opticsSubmitted Aug 13, 2026• Announced Aug 14, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Squeezed light underpins quantum-enhanced sensing and continuous-variable quantum information processing, and integrated photonics offers a route to producing it at scale. Universal to these applications are squeezed-light generation and measurement. Importantly, quantum measurements serve not only as readout but also as active operations in quantum-state evolution. However, integrating squeezed-light generation and photodetection on the same photonic chip has remained challenging because they impose fundamentally conflicting material requirements: low optical loss to preserve quantum correlations, but efficient photon absorption for photodetection. Here, we demonstrate squeezed-light generation, routing, and balanced homodyne detection integrated on a single photonic chip through heterogeneous integration. A two-mode squeezed quantum microcomb comprising 34 quantum modes is measured with approximately 3 dB squeezing. Our work establishes a scalable architecture for fully integrated squeezed-light quantum photonic systems, unifying quantum-state generation, processing, and detection on a single chip.

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Quantum optical technologies promise advances in sensing, computing, and communication. A key resource is squeezed light, where quantum noise is redistributed between optical quadratures. We introduce a monolithic, chip-scale platform that exploits the χ (2) nonlinearity of a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) resonator device to efficiently generate squeezed states of light. Our system integrates all essential components—except for the laser and two detectors—on a single chip with an area of one square centimeter, reducing the size, operational complexity, and power consumption associated with conventional setups. Using the balanced homodyne measurement subsystem that we implemented on the same chip, we measure a squeezing of 0.55 decibels and an anti-squeezing of 1.55 decibels. We use 20 milliwatts of input power to generate the parametric oscillator pump field by using second harmonic generation on the same chip. Our work represents a step toward compact and efficient quantum optical systems posed to leverage the rapid advances in integrated nonlinear and quantum photonics.
Nonclassical states of light are an essential resource for many emerging quantum technologies and applications ranging from information processing, encrypted communications, and networking to sensing, metrology, and imaging. Nonlinear optical processes in solid-state materials are widely used for generating quantum light, including single photons, entangled-photon pairs, and quadrature-squeezed states. Recent advances in nonlinear photonics have enabled the functionality of benchtop nonlinear instruments to be scaled down to a single chip without sacrificing efficiency or degrading the key performance metrics. The dramatic improvement in the size, weight, power, cost, and stability enabled by photonic integrated circuits has been essential for enabling the chip-scale generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum light at a steadily increasing degree of complexity and scale. Within the last decade, the authors have seen the progression from few-component photonic circuits operating on two photons to arrays of 18 identical heralded single-photon sources and reconfigurable devices operating with more than 650 components for multidimensional entanglement and arbitrary two-photon quantum gates. In this review, the authors summarize the history and recent key technological developments of chip-scale nonlinear quantum light generation based on integrated nonlinear photonics, recent advances in heterogeneous integrated methods, and approaches for system-level integration and demonstrated applications.
Distributed quantum sensing is an emerging application of quantum networking, where entangled probe states are employed to sense combinations of delocalized parameters with enhanced precision relative to using separable states. Squeezed states of light are a prime resource for experimental demonstrations of entanglement-enhanced sensing, because they can be generated and entangled deterministically. Existing distributed quantum sensing experiments have been fundamentally limited in scalability due to their bulk-optic architectures. Meanwhile, integrated photonics provides a scalable and compact platform for quantum sensors. Here we demonstrate entanglement-enhanced sensing of linear functions of four phase shifts in an integrated photonic circuit. We find an entanglement-enhanced precision of 0.199(16) dB below the shot noise limit compared to 0.041(18) dB for separable states. A four-mode entangled state is generated on-chip with entanglement verification and phase sensing also performed on-chip with an array of four integrated homodyne detectors.
Squeezed light is a fundamental resource for a broad spectrum of quantum technologies, including precision metrology, secure communication, and quantum simulation and computing. The integration of squeezed-light sources with photonic circuits presents a transformative approach—not only offering compactness, stability, and scalability, but also enabling seamless high-fidelity on-chip generation, manipulation, and processing of quantum states without being hampered by inter-component quantum decoherence arising from loss and noise. In this work, we report the experimental generation of a two-mode squeezed vacuum state on a thin-film silicon-nitride photonic integrated circuit with normal group velocity dispersion of 6.3×105 fs2/m. Quadrature squeezing of −2.1 dB±0.09 dB and anti-squeezing of 7.1 dB±0.04 dB are directly measured. To fully understand the dynamics of the quantum process, a comprehensive theoretical model is developed to capture the squeezing performance, showing excellent agreement with experimental results. Our findings highlight the potential of the thin-film silicon nitride platform that capitalizes on fully foundry-compatible fabrication technologies to advance robust, large-scale, and manufacturing-ready quantum information processing systems.