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arXiv:2607.19770

Latency-Constrained Encoded Quantum Teleportation with Punctured Codes

Mahmoud Saad Abouamer, Jakob Kaltoft Søndergaard, Petar Popovski

quant-phcs.ITcs.NISubmitted Jul 22, 2026• Announced Jul 23, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum teleportation is a key protocol for transmitting quantum information using entanglement and classical communication. Its reliability is constrained by both the availability and fidelity of shared entangled pairs, which are affected by stochastic generation and memory decoherence. In this work, we focus on encoded teleportation, in which quantum information is encoded using a quantum error-correcting code and transmitted as a codeword. We evaluate reliability in terms of logical error probability, considering latency-constrained settings where entanglement is accumulated over time and degrades while in memory. We develop a unified framework that captures the interaction between entanglement availability, decoherence, and coding decisions. Our results show that the benefits of longer codes depend on the availability and fidelity of entangled pairs, as acquiring additional resources introduces delays that can reduce their quality. To address this latency-reliability tradeoff, we leverage code puncturing to enable flexible encoded teleportation, allowing the effective code length to adapt across different latency regimes while preserving a common stabilizer structure. Numerical results show that encoded teleportation can provide substantial reliability gains over uncoded transmission under a common entanglement-acquisition latency constraint, and that selecting appropriate punctured codes improves performance across varying latency budgets. Overall, our results highlight the importance of resource-aware adaptation for reliable quantum networking.

Comments
9 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication at IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE26)- Quantum Networking & Communications (QNET) Technical Papers track. This work was funded by the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF) through the Center CLASSIQUE

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Quantum teleportation is a key protocol for transmitting quantum information using entanglement and classical communication. Its reliability is constrained by both the availability and fidelity of shared entangled pairs, which are affected by stochastic generation and memory decoherence. In this work, we focus on encoded teleportation, in which quantum information is encoded using a quantum error-correcting code and transmitted as a codeword. We evaluate reliability in terms of logical error probability, considering latency-constrained settings where entanglement is accumulated over time and degrades while in memory. We develop a unified framework that captures the interaction between entanglement availability, decoherence, and coding decisions. Our results show that the benefits of longer codes depend on the availability and fidelity of entangled pairs, as acquiring additional resources introduces delays that can reduce their quality. To address this latency-reliability tradeoff, we leverage code puncturing to enable flexible encoded teleportation, allowing the effective code length to adapt across different latency regimes while preserving a common stabilizer structure. Numerical results show that encoded teleportation can provide substantial reliability gains over uncoded transmission under a common entanglement-acquisition latency constraint, and that selecting appropriate punctured codes improves performance across varying latency budgets. Overall, our results highlight the importance of resource-aware adaptation for reliable quantum networking.
Quantum teleportation is a foundational protocol for sending quantum information through entanglement distribution and classical communication. Assuming ideal classical communication, the reliability of quantum teleportation is limited by the fidelity of the shared EPR pairs. This reliability can be improved through two mechanisms: entanglement purification and quantum error correction (QEC). Using both techniques in concert requires flexible QEC rates, since purification alters the structure of errors induced by imperfect-EPR teleportation, and fixed-rate codes cannot be uniformly effective across purification regimes or reliability targets. In this work, we supplement purification with punctured QEC codes, providing a family of code variants that can be adapted to error-channel characteristics and reliability targets. Punctured codes improve teleportation reliability across a broader range of purification regimes, enabling target reliability to be met without hardware-level code switching. This is corroborated by numerical results, showing that different punctured codes achieve the lowest logical error probability in different operating regimes, and that selecting among them reduces logical error relative to fixed-rate encoded teleportation. This reduction relaxes the requirement on the initial EPR fidelity or purification needed to achieve a target reliability. Overall, puncturing enables adaptation to varying entanglement conditions and reliability requirements while reusing a single stabilizer structure.
Quantum teleportation is a foundational protocol for sending quantum information through entanglement distribution and classical communication. Assuming ideal classical communication, the reliability of quantum teleportation is limited by the fidelity of the shared EPR pairs. This reliability can be improved through two mechanisms: entanglement purification and quantum error correction (QEC). Using both techniques in concert requires flexible QEC rates, since purification alters the structure of errors induced by imperfect-EPR teleportation, and fixed-rate codes cannot be uniformly effective across purification regimes or reliability targets. In this work, we supplement purification with punctured QEC codes, providing a family of code variants that can be adapted to error-channel characteristics and reliability targets. Punctured codes improve teleportation reliability across a broader range of purification regimes, enabling target reliability to be met without hardware-level code switching. This is corroborated by numerical results, showing that different punctured codes achieve the lowest logical error probability in different operating regimes, and that selecting among them reduces logical error relative to fixed-rate encoded teleportation. This reduction relaxes the requirement on the initial EPR fidelity or purification needed to achieve a target reliability. Overall, puncturing enables adaptation to varying entanglement conditions and reliability requirements while reusing a single stabilizer structure.
Quantum communications rely on quantum tele-portation, which requires high-fidelity entangled pairs between remote nodes. In realistic conditions, however, noise affects both the quantum states to be transmitted and entangled pairs used for teleportation, reducing overall communication reliability. This work proposes an adaptive framework for quantum error correction that selects the most suitable quantum code based on parameters estimated from the entanglement distillation process. By analyzing the fidelity and asymmetry of noisy channel induced by imperfect Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs, the scheme identifies how to adapt the quantum code for transmission. The proposed method can either reduce the number of required EPR pairs without compromising performance or enhance performance without increasing resource requirements.
Quantum error-correcting codes are essential for reliable quantum communication. The achievable parameters can be improved by using entanglement-assisted stabilizers at the cost of consuming pre-shared Bell pairs. If the availability of such Bell pairs is intermittent, the ability to adapt the code to available resources is beneficial. That is, to pick a single mother code that can be adapted to different entanglement budgets. To achieve this, we extend an existing puncturing construction for standard/unassisted stabilizers to the entanglement-assisted setting through a three-step procedure: Interpreting the code as an unassisted stabilizer, puncturing a receiver-side qubit, and recovering an entanglement-assisted representation. This procedure reduces the number of required Bell pairs by one while preserving the number of transmitted and logical qubits. We derive a bound on the resulting distance loss and establish conditions for preserving the original code distance. Finally, we analyse distinct, randomly generated, entanglement-assisted stabilizers with five to eight transmitted qubits. Of these codes, 14.75% have a greater distance than their associated unassisted representations. Among this subset, 81.4% admit at least one puncturing choice that preserves the original entanglement-assisted distance. These results illustrate how puncturing can reduce entanglement requirements while maintaining code distance.
Quantum teleportation enables quantum information transmission, but requires distribution of entangled resource states. Unfortunately, decoherence, caused by environmental interference during quantum state storage, can degrade quantum states, leading to entanglement loss in the resource state and re-duction of the fidelity of the teleported information. In this work, we investigate the use of error correction and error syndrome information in scheduling teleportation at a quantum network node in the presence of multiple teleportation requests and a finite rate of remote entanglement distribution. Specifically, we focus on the scenario where stored qubits undergo decoherence over time due to imperfect memories. To protect the qubits from the resulting errors, we employ quantum encodings, and the stored qubits undergo repeated error correction, generating error syndromes in each round. These error syndromes can provide additional benefits, as they can be used to calculate qubit-specific error likelihoods, which can then be utilized to make better scheduling decisions. By integrating error correction techniques into the scheduling process, our goal is to minimize errors and decoherence effects, thereby enhancing the fidelity and efficiency of teleportation in a quantum network setting.
This paper is a tutorial-style introduction to methods and protocols for reliable transmission of quantum information over noisy quantum links. The exposition is based on a design philosophy that parallels classical link-layer mechanisms such as forward error correction and Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ). It starts by drawing analogies and highlights differences between classical and quantum links. Such analogies are used as guiding principles, with explicit attention to where the classical correspondence no longer applies and where non-classical constraints and resources govern the protocol design. The emphasis is on the fact that classical reliability is achieved through fungible and cloneable bits, whereas unknown quantum states cannot be copied or freely retransmitted. In addition, quantum information is subject to stringent physical constraints due to decoherence as well as the need for transduction between stationary and flying qubits. Quantum error correction is presented as the analogue of classical forward error correction, where logical qubits are protected by encoding them into larger entangled code spaces and using syndrome measurements to infer and correct errors without collapsing the encoded state. It then introduces teleportation-based link abstractions, in which transmission of an unknown qubit is realized by consuming shared Bell pairs together with classical messages. Entanglement purification protocols play a role similar to ARQ-style reliability enhancement by converting many noisy entangled pairs into fewer, higher-fidelity pairs at the cost of additional resources. The paper is written from the perspective of classical communication engineering and is intended as a guide for translating the relevant ideas toward reliable quantum links and networks.