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arXiv:2607.18221

Correlated comagnetometry for precision measurements

Y. Rosenzweig, Yevgeny Kats, E. Sarid, Menachem Givon, Yonathan Japha, R. Folman

Published Jul 20, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Magnetometers are among the most widely used probes in science and technology. Comagnetometers increase sensitivity by self-cancellation of magnetic noise, but only at low frequencies. We suggest a correlated measurement of two alkali species in one cell to cancel the magnetic background also at high frequencies. The inter-species phase difference of the light-matter interaction response function is found to be calibration free and insensitive to common-mode intensity noise. Utilizing a dark-matter signal as a testcase, the method achieves a thirtyfold background suppression, raising the signal-to-noise ratio by an order of magnitude or more, depending on the coupling to the different subatomic particles. We show that the method also provides model differentiation. The higher sensitivity and model differentiation open a path to novel probes for precision measurements in general and exotic fields in particular.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2607.18221

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Magnetometers are among the most widely used probes in science and technology. Comagnetometers increase sensitivity by self-cancellation of magnetic noise, but only at low frequencies. We suggest a correlated measurement of two alkali species in one cell to cancel the magnetic background also at high frequencies. The inter-species phase difference of the light-matter interaction response function is found to be calibration free and insensitive to common-mode intensity noise. Utilizing a dark-matter signal as a testcase, the method achieves a thirtyfold background suppression, raising the signal-to-noise ratio by an order of magnitude or more, depending on the coupling to the different subatomic particles. We show that the method also provides model differentiation. The higher sensitivity and model differentiation open a path to novel probes for precision measurements in general and exotic fields in particular.
Searching for physics beyond the Standard Model is one of the main tasks of experimental physics. Candidates for dark matter include axionlike ultralight bosonic particles. Comagnetometers form ultrahigh sensitivity probes for such particles and any exotic field that interacts with the spin of an atom. Here, we propose a multiatom-species probe that enables one not only to discover such fields and measure their spectrum but also to determine the ratios of their coupling strengths to the subatomic particles—electrons, neutrons, and protons. We further show that the multifaceted capabilities of this probe can be demonstrated with synthetic exotic fields generated by a combination of regular magnetic fields and light-induced fictitious magnetic fields in alkali atoms. These synthetic fields also enable the accurate calibration of any magnetometer or comagnetometer probe for exotic physics. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Precision measurements of anomalous spin-dependent interactions are often hindered by magnetic noise and other magnetic systematic effects. Atomic comagnetometers use the distinct spin precession of two species and have emerged as important tools for effectively mitigating the magnetic noise. Nevertheless, the operation of existing comagnetometers is limited to very low-frequency noise commonly below 1 Hz. Here, we report a new type of atomic comagnetometer based on a magnetic noise self-compensation mechanism originating from the destructive interference between alkali-metal and noble-gas spins. Our comagnetometer employing K-^{3}He system remarkably suppresses magnetic noise exceeding 2 orders of magnitude at higher frequencies up to 160 Hz. Moreover, we discover that the capability of our comagnetometer to suppress magnetic noise is spatially dependent on the orientation of the noise and can be conveniently controlled by adjusting the applied bias magnetic field. Our findings open up new possibilities for precision measurements, including enhancing the search sensitivity of spin-dark matter particles interactions into unexplored parameter space.
A dual-alkali single-cell 87Rb–39K–3He comagnetometer can read an axion-like dark matter signal through two optical rotation channels, encoding the ratio R=ξn/ξp of the field’s neutron and proton spin couplings in their relative response. The inter-species phase difference Δφ has been proposed as a calibration-free readout that is sensitive to R. Treating the extraction of R as a statistical estimation problem, we show that the estimate of R depends on the two channels only through their complex ratio, which splits into Δφ and an amplitude ratio, of which only Δφ is insensitive to the relative gain and hence calibration free. For our choice of comagnetometer parameters, above ∼100 Hz the phase difference alone captures most of the coupling-ratio information. At lower frequencies Δφ is no longer near-sufficient. Below ∼40 Hz, the amplitude ratio would improve the precision on R by a factor of ≳2. Recovering that information, however, requires the relative gain to be known sufficiently accurately, so Δφ remains the robust observable even where it is not the most informative one.
We propose and demonstrate a general method to calibrate the frequency-dependent response of self-compensating noble-gas–alkali-metal comagnetometers to arbitrary spin perturbations. This includes magnetic and nonmagnetic perturbations such as rotations and exotic spin interactions. The method is based on a fit of the magnetic field response to an analytical model. The frequency-dependent response of the comagnetometer to arbitrary spin perturbations can be inferred using the fit parameters. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method by comparing the inferred rotation response to an experimental measurement of the rotation response. Our results show that experiments relying on zero-frequency calibration of the comagnetometer response can over- or underestimate the comagnetometer sensitivity by orders of magnitude over a wide frequency range. Moreover, this discrepancy accumulates over time as operational parameters tend to drift during comagnetometer operation. The demonstrated calibration protocol enables accurate prediction and control of comagnetometer sensitivity to, for example, ultralight bosonic dark-matter fields coupling to electron or nuclear spins, as well as accurate monitoring and control of the relevant system parameters. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
We propose and demonstrate a general method to calibrate the frequency-dependent response of self-compensating noble-gas-alkali-metal comagnetometers to arbitrary spin perturbations. This includes magnetic and nonmagnetic perturbations like rotations and exotic spin interactions. The method is based on a fit of the magnetic field response to an analytical model. The frequency-dependent response of the comagnetometer to arbitrary spin perturbations can be inferred using the fit parameters. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method by comparing the inferred rotation response to an experimental measurement of the rotation response. Our results show that experiments relying on zero-frequency calibration of the comagnetometer response can over- or under-estimate the comagnetometer sensitivity by orders of magnitude over a wide frequency range. Moreover, this discrepancy accumulates over time as operational parameters tend to drift during comagnetometer operation. The demonstrated calibration protocol enables accurate prediction and control of comagnetometer sensitivity to, for example, ultralight bosonic dark-matter fields coupling to electron or nuclear spins as well as accurate monitoring and control of the relevant system parameters.
The excellent sensitivities of quantum sensors are a double-edged sword: minuscule quantities can be observed, but any undesired signal acts as noise. This is challenging when detecting quantities that are obscured by such noise. Decoupling sequences improve coherence times and hence sensitivities, though only AC signals in narrow frequency bands are distinguishable. Alternatively, comagnetometers operate gaseous spin mixtures at high temperatures in the self-compensating regime to counteract slowly varying noise. These are applied with great success in various exotic spin-interaction searches. Here, we propose a method that decouples specific DC fields from DC and AC magnetic noise. It requires any spin cluster where the effect on each individual spin is different for the target field and local magnetic fields, which allows for a different approach compared to comagnetometers. The presented method has several key advantages, including an orders-of-magnitude increase in noise frequencies to which we are resistant. We explore electron-spin nuclear-spin pairs in nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond, with a focus on their merit for light dark-matter searches. Other applications include gradient sensing, quantum memory, and gyroscopes.