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arXiv:2607.16765

Extending the Frontiers of QNLP Beyond English: Grammar-Sensitive Pipeline for Hindi Sentiment Classification Using Compositional Quantum Models

Gautami Sanjay Naik, Rishi Koushik Reddy Thippireddy, Naman Srivastava, Parishri Shah, Ravi Raj, Sunil Saumya, Aswath Babu H

quant-phSubmitted Jul 18, 2026• Announced Jul 21, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP), whether on classical or quantum platforms, have predominantly focused on English due to its widespread use and abundant linguistic resources. Although English remains the most studied language in computational linguistics, Hindi, the third most spoken language worldwide after Mandarin, has received comparatively limited attention. Spoken primarily in India, Hindi differs significantly from English in its script, syntactic structure, and linguistic characteristics. Hindi uses the Devanagari script, exhibits rich morphological inflection, and follows a subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, unlike English's subject-verb-object (SVO) structure. Motivated by Hindi's linguistic complexity and its underrepresentation in Quantum Natural Language Processing (QNLP), we propose a grammar-aware QNLP pipeline for Hindi sentiment classification with a focus on sentential negation. We use a manually annotated Hindi sentiment dataset labeled as positive, negative, or neutral, and encode sentences using pregroup grammar types. Sentences are processed with Lambeq to generate quantum circuits using a novel negation-aware compositional grammar. Hybrid Quantum Neural Networks (HQNNs) are trained for both binary and ternary sentiment classification. Our results demonstrate effective sentiment classification and highlight the potential of compositional QNLP for morphologically rich languages.

Comments
10 pages, 6 figures

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Advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP), whether on classical or quantum platforms, have predominantly focused on English due to its widespread use and abundant linguistic resources. Although English remains the most studied language in computational linguistics, Hindi, the third most spoken language worldwide after Mandarin, has received comparatively limited attention. Spoken primarily in India, Hindi differs significantly from English in its script, syntactic structure, and linguistic characteristics. Hindi uses the Devanagari script, exhibits rich morphological inflection, and follows a subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, unlike English's subject-verb-object (SVO) structure. Motivated by Hindi's linguistic complexity and its underrepresentation in Quantum Natural Language Processing (QNLP), we propose a grammar-aware QNLP pipeline for Hindi sentiment classification with a focus on sentential negation. We use a manually annotated Hindi sentiment dataset labeled as positive, negative, or neutral, and encode sentences using pregroup grammar types. Sentences are processed with Lambeq to generate quantum circuits using a novel negation-aware compositional grammar. Hybrid Quantum Neural Networks (HQNNs) are trained for both binary and ternary sentiment classification. Our results demonstrate effective sentiment classification and highlight the potential of compositional QNLP for morphologically rich languages.
Quantum Natural Language Processing (QNLP) uses pregroup grammars to translate grammatical structure into diagrammatic representations and quantum circuits. Recent Hindi QNLP work has shown that Hindi-specific pregroup grammars can support grammar-sensitive compositional models, but grammatical type assignment is still largely manual, limiting scalability. This paper formulates automatic Hindi pregroup supertagging as a token-level classification task. Using a manually annotated corpus of 380 Hindi sentences, we evaluate lexical, contextual, prompting-based, lexical-repair, and suffix/morphology-aware methods. Results show that simple lexical and contextual models are strong in this low-resource setting: contextual backoff achieves the best completed accuracy of 64.56\%, while raw Qwen2.5 prompting reaches only 11.65\%. Lexical repair raises LLM-assisted prediction to 64.08\%, demonstrating the value of constraining generative outputs with symbolic grammar knowledge. Diagnostic analysis further shows that seen and unambiguous tokens are much easier than unseen tokens, and suffix/morphology features improve karaka-token accuracy but not overall performance. These results show that automatic Hindi pregroup assignment is feasible and can reduce reliance on manual annotation in future multilingual QNLP pipelines.
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Sentiment analysis (SA) is a critical component of Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly for automatic text classification. However, previous approaches have shortcomings in capturing nuances such as negation, word pairings, and contextual understanding, particularly in languages like Hindi. To solve these issues, this research offers a novel Quantum Neural Network (QNN) technique designed specifically for sentiment analysis in Hindi text data, which employs quantum computing concepts to capture linguistic nuances and context better. This study uses a Quantum Variational Auto Encoder to encode classical data into a quantum form, capturing diverse sentiments like sarcasm and colloquial expressions. A Tuned Quantum Convolutional Neural Network architecture is introduced to capture complex linguistic syntax. A novel Sequential-based hyperband optimization technique is used to enhance model performance. The hybrid approach significantly improves accuracy and efficiency in handling quantum data, contributing to the advancement of SA, particularly in Hindi Movie Reviews. The findings demonstrate that the proposed strategy performs best with accuracy 97.64 %, precision 85.93%, recall 99.17%, F-1 score 92.20%, than other accepted strategies.
We present the first application of pregroup grammar-based quantum compositional natural language processing (QNLP) to Arabic; a morphologically rich, free-word-order language whose structural complexity provides a uniquely demanding testbed for theories of meaning composition in quantum circuits. Our system converts Arabic sentences into quantum circuits whose topology mirrors grammatical structure: subjects, verbs, and objects become quantum gates, and the typed dependencies between them (the pregroup grammar) determine how those gates are wired together. We conduct three controlled experiments spanning word order, morphological tense, and verb sense disambiguation, comparing quantum circuit methods against classical baselines including AraVec (Arabic word embeddings) and AraBERT (a pre-trained Arabic transformer).
We present the first application of pregroup grammar-based quantum compositional natural language processing (QNLP) to Arabic — a morphologically rich, free-word-order language whose structural complexity provides a uniquely demanding testbed for theories of meaning composition in quantum circuits. Our system converts Arabic sentences into quantum circuits whose topology mirrors grammatical structure: subjects, verbs, and objects become quantum gates, and the typed dependencies between them — the pregroup grammar — determine how those gates are wired together. We conduct three controlled experiments spanning word order, morphological tense, and verb sense disambiguation, comparing quantum circuit methods against classical baselines including AraVec (Arabic word embeddings) and AraBERT (a pre-trained Arabic transformer). The central finding is a clean causal ablation: quantum circuits encoding only grammar topology, with no parameterised components, achieve exactly 50% on a matched-pair word order task where classical bag-of-words models fail (12.8%); adding a single layer of parameterised entangling gates raises performance to 64.9% (95% CI [62.8, 66.3]). This 15-percentage-point gain — with zero variance at the ablation baseline across all seeds and folds — is entirely attributable to parameterised entanglement, establishing a clean causal claim. We additionally introduce the first vocabulary-controlled Arabic word sense disambiguation dataset, using matched sentence pairs and shared lexical pools to isolate structural from lexical disambiguation signals, and characterise a SPSA label inversion phenomenon whose rate is measurably reduced by ancilla qubit encoding. Arabic's Semitic root-and-pattern morphology has a formal correspondence to quantum tensor products — identified independently in the computational linguistics literature — that no other language in the existing QNLP literature shares, positioning Arabic as a theoretically motivated and practically significant target for quantum compositional methods.