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arXiv:2607.16503

Holographic quantum codes with trapped ions

Alex Steiner, Gerard Anglès Munné, Robert Freund, Ivan Pogorelov, Michael Meth, Robert J. Harris, Gavin Brennen, Thomas M. Stace, Thomas Monz, Rainer Blatt, Felix Huber, Martin Ringbauer

quant-phSubmitted Jul 17, 2026• Announced Jul 21, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Holography is a central concept at the intersection of gravity, condensed matter theory, and quantum information, linking the interior bulk of a system to its boundary. A model realizing key features of holographic systems is the holographic pentagon code by Pastawski et al. Here we experimentally implement instances of the holographic pentagon and heptagon codes with trapped ions and test their properties: For the pentagon code, we recover logical bulk qubits from their nearby boundary and test the Ryu-Takayanagi entanglement area law. For the heptagon code, we show that the transversal Hadamard gate native to the constituent Steane codes induces a single-qubit, correctable error in the holographic code. Our implementation paves the way towards the use of holographic quantum codes for quantum information processing.

Comments
11+10 pages, 12 figures

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Holography is a central concept at the intersection of gravity, condensed matter theory, and quantum information, linking the interior bulk of a system to its boundary. A model realizing key features of holographic systems is the holographic pentagon code by Pastawski et al. Here we experimentally implement instances of the holographic pentagon and heptagon codes with trapped ions and test their properties: For the pentagon code, we recover logical bulk qubits from their nearby boundary and test the Ryu-Takayanagi entanglement area law. For the heptagon code, we show that the transversal Hadamard gate native to the constituent Steane codes induces a single-qubit, correctable error in the holographic code. Our implementation paves the way towards the use of holographic quantum codes for quantum information processing.
Abstract The discovery of holographic codes established a surprising connection between quantum error correction and the anti-de Sitter-conformal field theory correspondence. Recent technological progress in artificial quantum systems renders the experimental realization of such holographic codes now within reach. Formulating the hyperbolic pentagon code in terms of a stabilizer graph code, we give gate sequences that are tailored to systems with long-range interactions. We show how to obtain encoding and decoding circuits for the hyperbolic pentagon code, before focusing on a small instance of the holographic code on twelve qubits. Our approach allows to verify holographic properties by partial decoding operations, recovering bulk degrees of freedom from their nearby boundary.
Holographic quantum error-correcting codes have been proposed as toy models that describe key aspects of the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence. In this work, we introduce a versatile framework of Majorana dimers capturing the intersection of stabilizer and Gaussian Majorana states. This picture allows for an efficient contraction with a simple diagrammatic interpretation and is amenable to analytical study of holographic quantum error-correcting codes. Equipped with this framework, we revisit the recently proposed hyperbolic pentagon code (HyPeC). Relating its logical code basis to Majorana dimers, we efficiently compute boundary-state properties even for the non-Gaussian case of generic logical input. The dimers characterizing these boundary states coincide with discrete bulk geodesics, leading to a geometric picture from which properties of entanglement, quantum error correction, and bulk/boundary operator mapping immediately follow. We also elaborate upon the emergence of the Ryu-Takayanagi formula from our model, which realizes many of the properties of the recent bit thread proposal. Our work thus elucidates the connection among bulk geometry, entanglement, and quantum error correction in AdS/CFT and lays the foundation for new models of holography.
We propose a family of exactly solvable toy models for the AdS/CFT correspondence based on a novel construction of quantum error-correcting codes with a tensor network structure. Our building block is a special type of tensor with maximal entanglement along any bipartition, which gives rise to an isometry from the bulk Hilbert space to the boundary Hilbert space. The entire tensor network is an encoder for a quantum error-correcting code, where the bulk and boundary degrees of freedom may be identified as logical and physical degrees of freedom respectively. These models capture key features of entanglement in the AdS/CFT correspondence; in particular, the Ryu-Takayanagi formula and the negativity of tripartite information are obeyed exactly in many cases. That bulk logical operators can be represented on multiple boundary regions mimics the Rindlerwedge reconstruction of boundary operators from bulk operators, realizing explicitly the quantum error-correcting features of AdS/CFT recently proposed in [1].
Holographic quantum error-correcting code, the quantum-information structure hypothesized for the AdS/CFT correspondence, has being attracting increasing attention in new directions interrelating the studies of quantum gravity and quantum simulation. In this work, we initiate a novel approach for building holographic code that can be generally applied in potentially broad and interdisciplinary contexts. Our approach takes an "opposite" route to the conventional paradigm that is based on bulk tensor-networks. As illustrated in an exact model, we start from scalable descriptions of boundary qudits which can guide succinct quantum-circuit simulations, and rigorously show how the bulk qudits and the encoding structure emerge from boundary entanglement patterns. By investigating the entanglement patterns, we systematically unfold the hypothetical structure for bulk reconstruction and the details of the Ryu-Takayanagi formula in the formalism of operator-algebra quantum error correction, demonstrating desired properties that are not yet proved in the established models. Our work might offer a fresh perspective for the study of holographic code.
Abstract We explicitly construct a class of holographic quantum error correction codes with non-trivial centers in the code subalgebra. Specifically, we use the Bacon-Shor codes and perfect tensors to construct a gauge code (or a stabilizer code with gauge-fixing), which we call the holographic hybrid code. This code admits a local log-depth encoding/decoding circuit, and can be represented as a holographic tensor network which satisfies an analog of the Ryu-Takayanagi formula and reproduces features of the sub-region duality. We then construct approximate versions of the holographic hybrid codes by “skewing” the code subspace, where the size of skewing is analogous to the size of the gravitational constant in holography. These approximate hybrid codes are not necessarily stabilizer codes, but they can be expressed as the superposition of holographic tensor networks that are stabilizer codes. For such constructions, different logical states, representing different bulk matter content, can “back-react” on the emergent geometry, resembling a key feature of gravity. The locality of the bulk degrees of freedom becomes subspace-dependent and approximate. Such subspace-dependence is manifest from the point of view of the “entanglement wedge” and bulk operator reconstruction from the boundary. Exact complementary error correction breaks down for certain bipartition of the boundary degrees of freedom; however, a limited, state-dependent form is preserved for particular subspaces. We also construct an example where the connected two-point correlation functions can have a power-law decay. Coupled with known constraints from holography, a weakly back-reacting bulk also forces these skewed tensor network models to the “large N limit” where they are built by concatenating a large N number of copies.
We explicitly construct a class of holographic quantum error correction codes with non-trivial centers in the code subalgebra. Specifically, we use the Bacon-Shor codes and perfect tensors to construct a gauge code (or a stabilizer code with gauge-fixing), which we call the holographic hybrid code. This code admits a local log-depth encoding/decoding circuit, and can be represented as a holographic tensor network which satisfies an analog of the Ryu-Takayanagi formula and reproduces features of the sub-region duality. We then construct approximate versions of the holographic hybrid codes by “skewing” the code subspace, where the size of skewing is analogous to the size of the gravitational constant in holography. These approximate hybrid codes are not necessarily stabilizer codes, but they can be expressed as the superposition of holographic tensor networks that are stabilizer codes. For such constructions, different logical states, representing different bulk matter content, can “back-react” on the emergent geometry, resembling a key feature of gravity. The locality of the bulk degrees of freedom becomes subspace-dependent and approximate. Such subspace-dependence is manifest from the point of view of the “entanglement wedge” and bulk operator reconstruction from the boundary. Exact complementary error correction breaks down for certain bipartition of the boundary degrees of freedom; however, a limited, state-dependent form is preserved for particular subspaces. We also construct an example where the connected two-point correlation functions can have a power-law decay. Coupled with known constraints from holography, a weakly back-reacting bulk also forces these skewed tensor network models to the “large N limit” where they are built by concatenating a large N number of copies.