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arXiv:2607.08462

Optimizing and Certifying Multipartite Permutationally Invariant Bell Inequalities

Jin-Fu Chen, Mengyao Hu, Jordi Tura

quant-phSubmitted Jul 9, 2026• Announced Jul 10, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Multipartite Bell nonlocality provides a device-independent probe of many-body quantum correlations, but its characterization is limited by the rapid growth of the underlying classical and quantum optimization problems. We develop a scalable method for constructing and certifying permutationally invariant Bell inequalities using only one- and two-body correlators. The construction gives families of inequalities with robust quantum violations for general $m$ measurements as the number of parties $N$ becomes large. To improve robustness against noise, we optimize the ratio of the quantum value to the classical bound for these families in the large-$N$ limit. We then certify the resulting quantum violation using semidefinite programming. For the broad class of Bell inequalities studied here, the infinite-$N$ ratios take simple rational values for finite $m$ and converge to $\coth(1)$ as $m\to\infty$. The optimized inequalities efficiently detect many-body Bell nonlocality with collective measurements, with more measurement settings leading to stronger violations.

Comments
21 pages, 2 figures. Overlaps with arXiv:2511.07523, with improved derivations and illustrations

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Multipartite Bell nonlocality provides a device-independent probe of many-body quantum correlations, but its characterization is limited by the rapid growth of the underlying classical and quantum optimization problems. We develop a scalable method for constructing and certifying permutationally invariant Bell inequalities using only one- and two-body correlators. The construction gives families of inequalities with robust quantum violations for general mmm measurements as the number of parties NNN becomes large. To improve robustness against noise, we optimize the ratio of the quantum value to the classical bound for these families in the large-NNN limit. We then certify the resulting quantum violation using semidefinite programming. For the broad class of Bell inequalities studied here, the infinite-NNN ratios take simple rational values for finite mmm and converge to coth⁡(1)\coth(1)coth(1) as m→∞m\to\inftym→∞. The optimized inequalities efficiently detect many-body Bell nonlocality with collective measurements, with more measurement settings leading to stronger violations.
Nonlocality shapes quantum correlations, revealed through the violation of Bell inequalities. The intersection of all valid Bell inequalities is the so-called local polytope. In multipartite systems, characterizing the local polytope quickly becomes an intractable task as the system size increases. Optimizing Bell inequalities to maximize the ratio between their quantum value and classical bound is key to understanding multipartite nonlocality. We propose a gradient-based method for this optimization. Numerical results indicate that local maxima of this ratio typically correspond to facet Bell inequalities of the local polytope. This enables an iterative search for tight and robust Bell inequalities. Applied to permutation-invariant scenarios, the method provides tight Bell inequalities with large quantum violations and facilitates experimental certification of Bell correlations without full knowledge of the local polytope. Moreover, analytical results of the maximum ratio are derived in the thermodynamic limit.
Multipartite Bell tests provide a correlation-only route to benchmarking quantum processors, but their application at large scales is hindered by the rapid decay of many-body correlators under noise and exponentially many terms in conventional Bell expressions. Here we address these scalability obstacles by introducing a finite-setting generalized Mermin family of state-tailored Bell inequalities with analytic certification bounds, in which the measurement-setting number mmm provides an additional certification dimension complementary to the system size nnn. We show that, for the powers-of-two setting choices considered here, increasing mmm leaves the ideal normalized multipartite quantum value unchanged while lowering the relevant classical bounds, thereby strengthening the Bell-violation ratios and yielding an improved noise-robustness scaling compared to the standard Mermin inequality. We test this construction experimentally on a programmable superconducting processor by preparing Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states of up to 80 qubits. Using randomized sampling for direct Bell-operator estimation, we observe Bell ratios that grow exponentially with system size, certify a nonlocality depth of 14, and show that increasing mmm strengthens both the Bell ratio and depth certification. All results are obtained solely from measured correlators and analytical bounds, without readout correction, tomography, or model-based mitigation. Generalized Mermin inequalities therefore provide a sharper Bell benchmark for noisy large-scale GHZ states.
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Bell nonlocality provides a device-independent (DI) way to certify quantum randomness, based on which true random numbers can be extracted from the observed correlations without detail characterizations on devices for quantum state preparation and measurement. However, the efficiency of current strategies for DI randomness certification is still heavily constrained when it comes to non-maximal Bell values, especially for multiple parties. Here, we present a family of multipartite Bell inequalities that allows to certify optimal quantum randomness and self-test GHZ (Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger) states, which are inspired from the stabilizer group of the GHZ state. Due to the simple representation of stabilizer group for GHZ states, this family of Bell inequalities is of simple structure and can be easily expanded to more parties. Compared with the Mermin-type inequalities, this family of Bell inequality is more efficient in certifying quantum randomness when non-maximal Bell values achieved. Meanwhile, the general analytical upper bound for the Holevo quantity is presented, and achieves better performance compared with the MABK (Mermin-Ardehali-Belinskii-Klyshko) inequality, Parity-CHSH (Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt) inequality and Holz inequality at N=3N=3N=3, which is of particular interests for experimental researches on DI quantum cryptography in quantum networks.
We present strategies to derive Bell inequalities valid for systems composed of many three-level parties. This scenario is formalized by a Bell experiment with N observers, each of which performs one out of two possible three-outcome measurements on their share of the system. As the complexity of the set of classical correlations prohibits its full characterization in this multipartite scenario, we consider its projection to a lower-dimensional subspace spanned by permutationally invariant one- and two-body observables. This simplification allows us to formulate two complementary methods for detecting nonlocality in multipartite three-level systems, both having a complexity independent of N. Our work can have interesting applications in the detection of Bell correlations in paradigmatic spin-1 models, as well as in experiments with solid-state systems or atomic ensembles.