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arXiv:2607.07890

Measurement-Based Quantum Computing on a Photonic Chip

Jeldrik Huster, Louis L. Hohmann, Kevin Edelmann, Stefanie Barz

quant-phSubmitted Jul 8, 2026• Announced Jul 10, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Integrated photonics provides a scalable platform for quantum information processing. In this context, measurement-based quantum computing (MBQC) offers an attractive approach in which quantum computation is realised by adaptive measurements on highly entangled graph states, circumventing the need for deterministic photon-photon interactions. Here, we demonstrate MBQC on an integrated silicon photonic chip capable of generating photonic graph states with up to four qubits. We achieve fidelities of $F_{Star} = (83.5 \pm 1.8)\,\%$ and $F_{Lin} = (75.6 \pm 1.1)\,\%$ for four-photon star and linear graph states, respectively. We use these resource states to implement MBQC-based single- and two-qubit gates and to demonstrate Grover's search algorithm and the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. These results establish the feasibility of reconfigurable four-photon MBQC on an integrated photonic platform and provide a foundation for future larger-scale implementations.

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Integrated photonics provides a scalable platform for quantum information processing. In this context, measurement-based quantum computing (MBQC) offers an attractive approach in which quantum computation is realised by adaptive measurements on highly entangled graph states, circumventing the need for deterministic photon-photon interactions. Here, we demonstrate MBQC on an integrated silicon photonic chip capable of generating photonic graph states with up to four qubits. We achieve fidelities of FStar=(83.5±1.8) %F_{Star} = (83.5 \pm 1.8)\,\%FStar​=(83.5±1.8)% and FLin=(75.6±1.1) %F_{Lin} = (75.6 \pm 1.1)\,\%FLin​=(75.6±1.1)% for four-photon star and linear graph states, respectively. We use these resource states to implement MBQC-based single- and two-qubit gates and to demonstrate Grover's search algorithm and the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. These results establish the feasibility of reconfigurable four-photon MBQC on an integrated photonic platform and provide a foundation for future larger-scale implementations.
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Photonic multi-qubit entanglement is key to optical quantum information processing, particularly universal quantum computing. Yet multi-photon sources suffer from low emission efficiency, making single-photon high-dimensional encoding an appealing alternative. Here we propose an explicit and resource-efficient high-dimensional encoding approach to achieve the target multi-qubit quantum state. The technically challenging preparation of multi-photon quantum states is replaced by single-photon operations involving high-dimensional expansion, routing, and multi-layered quantum measurement. Besides, each photon in the resource multi-photon quantum state can be used to encode multiple qubits in a distributed manner, and a larger entangled state will be constructed. We demonstrate this approach using programmable photonic integrated circuits, where multi-qubit graph states--including the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state and the cluster state--are generated and characterized. We additionally demonstrate the Grover search algorithm using the single-photon cluster state. Our findings unlock a novel route towards diverse entangled state generation with photons and advance large-scale and universal photonic quantum information processing.
The Measurement Based Quantum Computation (MBQC) model achieves universal quantum computation by employing projective single qubit measurements with classical feedforward on a highly entangled multipartite cluster state. Rapid advances in improving scalability of quantum computing systems have enabled the generation of large cluster states for implementing MBQC on various platforms. This review focuses on three such efforts, each utilizing a different quantum computing technology viz., superconducting qubits, trapped ion qubits and squeezed photon states. MBQC is being increasingly employed on optical platforms which can generate large entangled resource states but lack the ability to perform deterministic entangling gates.
Photonic cluster states are fundamental resource for measurement-based quantum computing (MBQC), which is a promising approach for scalable quantum computing. These highly entangled states enable computation with applying local measurements rather than gate operations, which makes them essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Generation of the photonic cluster states requires high-quality entanglement and stability, which can be done by making use of cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED), which is embedding quantum dots (QDs) into photonic microcavities. This method enables controlled single-photon emission and the entanglement of them, helping with key challenges in generating photonic cluster states. Enhancing the generation of the photonic cluster state requires improvement in the quality factor (Q-factor) and therefore, cooperativity of cavity and QD systems. A high Q-factor helps with reduction in photon loss and decoherence, ensuring more stable and high-fidelity quantum states. It also enables better light-matter interactions, improving cluster state quality. Cooperativity, which is a measure for the light-matter coupling strength relative to dissipation, directly impacts photon emission efficiency. Optimization of these parameters improves entanglement generation, which is essential for producing high-quality photonic cluster states. Therefore, optimized cavities are essential for improving the generation of the photonic cluster states. Scalability is also an important parameter for the generation of the large-scale cluster states used in quantum computing. In this paper, after reviewing MBQC, cluster states, and the generation of the photonic cluster states, we investigate the deterministic generation of the photonic cluster state resource for the purpose of MBQC, and highlights the importance of the inverse design techniques for this goal.