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arXiv:2606.31165 · Physical Review Research

Entanglement Structure Across $\mathbb{Z}_n$ Phase Transitions in 1D Rydberg Atom Arrays

Hyeonjun Yeo, Kabgyun Jeong, Hyunchul Nha

quant-phSubmitted Jun 30, 2026• Announced Jul 1, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Multipartite quantum entanglement plays a crucial role in the emergence of different quantum phases and their transitions in quantum many-body systems. It is of general interest to know what sort of analysis on quantum entanglement can bring us a profound insight to understand the rich dynamics of quantum many-body systems. In this work we study the characteristics of quantum entanglement in relation to $\mathbb{Z}_n$-ordered phases emerging under a varied strength of 1-dim Rydberg interaction. We propose an approach based on the structure of pair-wise entanglement across the Rydberg chain using two-qubit concurrence as an entanglement measure. We define an entanglement-structure factor via Fourier analysis of total concurrence at each site and address $\mathbb{Z}_n$ phase transitions in comparison with the conventional order-parameter based on local density, i.e. magnetization. We also discuss how the required two-qubit concurrence can be measured in analog Rydberg atom arrays using site-selective erasure and parametrized laser pulses. Our investigation suggests that an entanglement-structure-based approach can provide a powerful tool in analyzing symmetry-breaking in quantum phase transitions.

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Entanglement Structure Across Zn\mathbb{Z}_nZn​ Phase Transitions in 1D Rydberg Atom Arrays
Multipartite quantum entanglement plays a crucial role in the emergence of different quantum phases and their transitions in quantum many-body systems. It is of general interest to know what sort of analysis on quantum entanglement can bring us a profound insight to understand the rich dynamics of quantum many-body systems. In this work we study the characteristics of quantum entanglement in relation to Zn\mathbb{Z}_nZn​-ordered phases emerging under a varied strength of 1-dim Rydberg interaction. We propose an approach based on the structure of pair-wise entanglement across the Rydberg chain using two-qubit concurrence as an entanglement measure. We define an entanglement-structure factor via Fourier analysis of total concurrence at each site and address Zn\mathbb{Z}_nZn​ phase transitions in comparison with the conventional order-parameter based on local density, i.e. magnetization. We also discuss how the required two-qubit concurrence can be measured in analog Rydberg atom arrays using site-selective erasure and parametrized laser pulses. Our investigation suggests that an entanglement-structure-based approach can provide a powerful tool in analyzing symmetry-breaking in quantum phase transitions.
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Rydberg atom arrays have recently emerged to be a promising platform for the exploration of exotic quantum phases of matter and quantum phenomena. In this work, we map out the ground-state phase diagram of Rydberg atoms on a honeycomb lattice as a function of the Rydberg blockade radius and the laser detuning by performing large-scale finite-size density matrix renormalization group simulations. Apart from a featureless disordered phase, we find five other intricate long-range density-wave-ordered phases within a relatively wide parameter space. The properties of these quantum phases are analyzed by calculating their Rydberg excitation profiles and static structure factors. In addition, a continuous quantum phase transition belonging to the (2+1)-dimensional Ising universality class is explored by a standard finite-size scaling analysis. Our work implies some different physics, such as the possible nontrivial quantum phase transitions and a highly degenerate string ordered phase, that a honeycomb geometry could bring to the Rydberg system and serves as a numerical guide for possible real experiments.
Entanglement microscopy reveals the true quantum correlations among the microscopic building blocks of many-body systems [Nat. Commun. 16, 96 (2025)]. Using this approach, we study the multipartite entanglement of the quantum Ising model in 1D, 2D, and 3D. We first obtain the full reduced density matrix (tomography) of subregions that have at most four sites via quantum Monte Carlo, exact diagonalization, and the exact solution in 1D. We then analyze both bipartite and genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) among the sites in the subregion. To do so, we use a variety of measures including the negativity, as well as a true measure of GME: the genuinely multipartite concurrence (or GME concurrence), and its computationally cheaper lower bound I2{I}_{2}I2​. We provide a complete proof that I2{I}_{2}I2​ bounds the GME concurrence, and show how the symmetries of the state simplify its evaluation. For adjacent sites, we find three- and four-spin GME present across large portions of the phase diagram, reaching a maximum near the quantum critical point. In 1D, we identify the singular scaling of the derivative dI2/dhd{I}_{2}/dhdI2​/dh approaching the critical point. We observe a sharp decrease in GME with increasing dimensionality, consistent with the monogamous nature of entanglement. Furthermore, we find that GME vanishes for subregions consisting of nonadjacent sites in both 2D and 3D, offering a stark illustration of the short-ranged nature of entanglement in equilibrium quantum matter [arXiv:2402.06677]. Finally, we analyze the most collective form of entanglement by evaluating the GME concurrence among all spins in the lattice, which can be obtained from a simple observable: the single-site transverse magnetization. This global concurrence is larger in 1D compared to 2D and 3D, but it is relatively less robust against perturbations such as local measurements.
Entanglement is a defining feature of many-body quantum systems and is an essential requirement for quantum computing. It is therefore useful to study physical processes which generate entanglement within a large system, as they maybe replicated for applications involving the said requirements in quantum information processing. A possible avenue to maximize entanglement generation is to rely on the phenomena of information scrambling, i.e. transport of initially localized information throughout the system. Here the rationale is that the spread of information carries with it an inherent capacity of entanglement generation. Scrambling greatly depends upon the dynamical nature of the system Hamiltonian, and the interplay between entanglement generation and information scrambling maybe investigated taking a chain of interacting spins on a one dimensional lattice. This system is analogous to an array of qubits and this relative simplicity implies that the resulting unitary dynamics can be efficiently simulated using present-day cloud based NISQ devices. In our present work, we consider such a spin model which is made up of nearest and next nearest neighbor XXZ Model, along with an introduced coupling term λ. This coupling term serves as a tuning parameter which modifies the dynamical nature of the system from the integrable to the quantum chaotic regime. In order to quantify the entanglement generated within the system we use the more general multipartite metric which computes the average entanglement across all system bipartitions to obtain a global picture of the entanglement structure within the entire system. Further to make our study initial state independent, we consider an ensemble of random initial states and evaluate the multipartite entanglement generated for each of these states under time evolution. We find clear differences in the entanglement measures as the system undergoes through different regimes. We also analyze the fluctuations present within our entanglement metric and find a distinct pattern as we head from the integrable to the chaotic regime.
Recent experimental advances have stimulated interest in the use of large, two-dimensional arrays of Rydberg atoms as a platform for quantum information processing and to study exotic many-body quantum states. However, the native long-range interactions between the atoms complicate experimental analysis and precise theoretical understanding of these systems. Here we use new tensor network algorithms capable of including all long-range interactions to study the ground state phase diagram of Rydberg atoms in a geometrically unfrustrated square lattice array. We find a greatly altered phase diagram from earlier numerical and experimental studies, revealed by studying the phases on the bulk lattice and their analogs in experiment-sized finite arrays. We further describe a previously unknown region with a nematic phase stabilized by short-range entanglement and an order from disorder mechanism. Broadly our results yield a conceptual guide for future experiments, while our techniques provide a blueprint for converging numerical studies in other lattices.