Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2606.25929

Klein--Gordon Dynamics from Intrinsic Phase Periodicity

Emiliano Puddu

quant-phhep-thSubmitted Jun 24, 2026• Announced Jun 25, 2026• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

This work develops a phase-based formulation of relativistic wave dynamics, demonstrating that the Klein--Gordon equation emerges naturally from the foundational assumption of intrinsic phase periodicity in material fields. Mapping the phase directly onto the classical action, we postulate that localized excitations possess an invariant rest-frame oscillation governed by a proper frequency $ω_0$. This physical condition establishes an operational mass-frequency relation, $m = \hbar ω_0 / c^2$, without requiring rest energy as an independent, axiomatic input. We show that the Klein--Gordon equation arises as the minimal local, linear, Lorentz-invariant field equation compatible with this internal phase structure. Within this framework, mass acts as an intrinsic frequency scale governing wave propagation, and relativistic kinematics is fully recovered as a structural consequence of phase coherence. This approach provides a unified wave-mechanical interpretation where particle dynamics maps onto the group velocity of dispersive wave packets, offering an intuitive account of free propagation, dispersion, and tunneling across potential barriers.

Related papers

Special Relativistic Kinematics from Wave Phase Coherence

Emiliano Puddu

We present a phase-based formulation of special relativity in which the kinematical structure of the theory is reconstructed from the requirement of phase coherence of localized wave states. Starting from the assumption that physical propagation is associated with surfaces of constant phase and that matter admits an intrinsic rest-frame oscillation, we show that the relativistic relations for time dilation, energy, and momentum follow from the invariant accumulation of phase along particle trajectories. In this framework, proper time is identified operationally as the phase count of an internal clock, and the Minkowski interval arises as the quadratic form consistent with phase invariance across inertial observers. The relation between mass and rest-frame frequency emerges naturally, providing a unified interpretation of relativistic kinematics in wave-mechanical terms. This formulation does not introduce new dynamics but offers a coherent structural perspective that bridges relativistic kinematics and wave propagation.

arXiv:2605.16314•May 4, 2026•0 citations

Relativistic Dynamical Localized Wave Packet Theory: Coherence-Structured Scalar Field Dynamics

Eric Aboagye Amankwah

This work establishes a Lorentz-invariant relativistic scalar extension of the Dynamical Localized Wave Packet Theory (DLWPT) by formulating a deterministic field ontology directly within spacetime. By utilizing a coherence-scaled Lagrangian density, the framework derives equations of motion and energy-momentum structures where physical attributes such as mass, localization, and inertial response emerge from the intrinsic coherence stiffness of the field rather than from independent postulates or point-like particle identities. A central feature of this construction is the natural emergence of preferred momentum and energy scales that act as a dynamical ultraviolet regulator, suppressing arbitrarily high-frequency excitations while strictly maintaining Lorentz covariance. The theory reinterprets the standard wave function as a representation of information density and field coherence conservation, effectively replacing the probabilistic Born rule with a symmetry-driven conservation law. Furthermore, the framework demonstrates a hierarchical structure where reality operates across nested coherence limits, ensuring that the equations reduce smoothly to both non-relativistic DLWPT and conventional Schrödinger dynamics in the appropriate low-energy limits. This formulation positions DLWPT not as a replacement for relativistic field theory, but as a fundamental reinterpretation that links localization stability and dispersion behavior to a deeper, coherence-based geometric substrate.

•Mar 8, 2026•0 citations

The Logical Origin of the Dirac Equation

H.-K. Chan

This paper derives the Dirac equation as the logically forced relativistic completion of the de Broglie wave dynamics established in prior work of this series. Starting from the logical foundation that yields Lorentz/Poincaré invariance, we promote the non-relativistic framework (continuous spacetime, Fourier duality, local plane-wave structures, and probability conservation via statistical energy flux) to the relativistic regime. We show that the requirements of exact local relativistic plane-wave structures (with phase gradients satisfying the mass-shell condition $p^\mu p_\mu = m^2 c^2$), first-order time evolution (needed for clean probability conservation), and full Lorentz covariance together force the introduction of a specific non-commuting algebraic structure and a multi-component wave function. The Dirac equation emerges as the unique linear differential operator of order at most one in the spacetime derivatives that consistently glues these local structures across smooth backgrounds while preserving a conserved four-current with positive-definite time component. This multi-component structure arises naturally as the minimal algebraic consequence of the constraints, without any separate postulate for intrinsic angular momentum. In exact analogy with the emergence of the finite invariant causal speed in special relativity, the Dirac dynamics is revealed not as an ad-hoc linearization of the Klein--Gordon equation, but as the mathematically inevitable description of indivisible particles in continuous relativistic spacetime. The derivation thereby completes the single-particle sector of the series, demonstrating that core structures of relativistic quantum mechanics flow deductively from a small number of deep, nearly tautological commitments.

•Apr 13, 2026•0 citations

Quantum Lattice Model: Quantum Phase Transport and Wave Dynamics

Quinton R. D. Tharp

This paper develops the quantum dynamical layer of the Quantum Lattice Model (QLM) by showing how the standard wave equations of quantum mechanics arise as continuum descriptions of coherent phase-action transport on a discrete Planck-scale lattice. The framework is constructed from the per-radian Planck primitives {ℏ, ℓP, tP}, where each lattice tick advances physical phase by one radian and transports one quantum of reduced action. The corresponding phase-action and phase-flow relations are dS = ℏ dθ and E = ℏ dθ/dτ, while the invariant lattice transport identity c = ℓP/tP fixes the maximal causal phase-transport speed of the lattice. Starting from symmetric nearest-neighbor phase transport between Planck cells, the continuum limit yields the relativistic wave operator (1/c²)∂t² − ∇². Introducing intrinsic rest-phase rotation with frequency ω0 = mc²/ℏ produces the Klein-Gordon equation as the continuum description of synchronized spatial phase transport and local rest-phase rotation. A first-order relativistic factorization yields the Dirac equation, while extraction of the rapidly rotating rest-phase carrier produces the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation governing slow envelope dynamics. Within this framework, the quantum wavefunction is interpreted as a coherent phase-envelope amplitude describing phase-action transport across the lattice. The conserved density ρ = |φ|² arises from the continuity equation of Schrödinger evolution, and the associated current takes the phase-flow form J = (ℏ/m)ρ∇θ. The paper also shows how interaction sectors enter the same transport framework as modular coupling layers. Scalar potentials contribute additional local phase rotation to the slow envelope, while routing-weighted transport modifies the effective capacity of lattice links. Coulomb coupling and weak-field gravitational coupling are presented as examples: the Coulomb potential appears as a scalar phase-rotation term, and gravitational routing modulation of the rest-phase carrier yields the weak-field potential V = mΦ. These results organize the Schrödinger, Klein-Gordon, and Dirac equations as successive continuum limits of deterministic phase-action transport on the Planck lattice, providing the quantum dynamical layer of the Quantum Lattice Model.

•Mar 8, 2026•0 citations

Topological Slicing and the Kinematic Emergence of the de Broglie Relation: A Helical Representation Study

Ping Zhang

This work revisits the kinematic foundations of wave–particle duality by re-examining the logic originally proposed by Louis de Broglie within the framework of Special Relativity developed by Albert Einstein. Starting from the assumption that a massive particle possesses an intrinsic periodic degree of freedom associated with its rest energy, the study explores how Lorentz covariance acts on such periodicity. By representing the internal phase on a transverse cylindrical manifold, it is shown that the relativity of simultaneity naturally converts temporal periodicity into a spatial helical phase structure when observed from a moving frame. Within this geometric representation, the longitudinal phase gradient is fixed by relativistic kinematics, leading directly to the relation kz=p/ℏkz=p/ℏ which reproduces the well-known de Broglie relation. In this framework, particle momentum appears as the torsional density of the helical phase field, while the transverse radius forms a Lorentz-invariant geometric seat for the intrinsic structure. The analysis further shows that this transverse scale naturally aligns with the characteristic length Rc=ℏ/mcRc=ℏ/mc previously identified as a structural scale in the author's earlier work on helical phase-field models. The resulting picture suggests a geometric convergence in which the de Broglie wavelength and the characteristic particle radius emerge as the longitudinal and transverse signatures of a single relativistic phase structure. This work is purely kinematic and does not attempt to resolve the detailed dynamical origin of the internal energy partition. The dynamical mechanism responsible for the transverse stabilization and the associated energy coefficients will be addressed in subsequent studies.

•Mar 6, 2026•0 citations

The Klein-Gordon equation with relativistic mass: a relativistic Schrödinger equation

P.-A. Gourdain

The Klein-Gordon equation describes the wave-like behavior of spinless particles since it is Lorentz invariant. While it seemed initially ripe for explaining the electronic structure of the hydrogen atom, the lack of a unconditional positive probability density really limited its applications. Yet, it is intimately connected with fermions. Any solution to the Dirac equation is automatically a solution to the Klein-Gordon equation. What is even more surprising, the Klein-Gordon equation for a free particle turns into the Schrödinger equation in the non-relativistic limit. In this work we show that these problems disappear when we use the relativistic mass instead of the rest mass. While the Klein-Gordon equation losses its Lorentz invariance because of this transformation, it gains most of the features present the Schrödinger equation, including the unconditional positivity of probability density, while keeping most of its relativistic characteristics intact, including the matter-wave dispersion relation. What is even more surprising, the non-relativistic, quasi-static limit of the Klein-Gordon equation with relativistic mass is simply the Schrödinger equation under all possible conditions. So, it can be argued that this Klein-Gordon equation is a sort of relativistic Schrödinger equation.

arXiv:2501.07798•Jan 14, 2025•0 citations
This work develops a phase-based formulation of relativistic wave dynamics, demonstrating that the Klein--Gordon equation emerges naturally from the foundational assumption of intrinsic phase periodicity in material fields. Mapping the phase directly onto the classical action, we postulate that localized excitations possess an invariant rest-frame oscillation governed by a proper frequency ω0ω_0ω0​. This physical condition establishes an operational mass-frequency relation, m=ℏω0/c2m = \hbar ω_0 / c^2m=ℏω0​/c2, without requiring rest energy as an independent, axiomatic input. We show that the Klein--Gordon equation arises as the minimal local, linear, Lorentz-invariant field equation compatible with this internal phase structure. Within this framework, mass acts as an intrinsic frequency scale governing wave propagation, and relativistic kinematics is fully recovered as a structural consequence of phase coherence. This approach provides a unified wave-mechanical interpretation where particle dynamics maps onto the group velocity of dispersive wave packets, offering an intuitive account of free propagation, dispersion, and tunneling across potential barriers.
We present a phase-based formulation of special relativity in which the kinematical structure of the theory is reconstructed from the requirement of phase coherence of localized wave states. Starting from the assumption that physical propagation is associated with surfaces of constant phase and that matter admits an intrinsic rest-frame oscillation, we show that the relativistic relations for time dilation, energy, and momentum follow from the invariant accumulation of phase along particle trajectories. In this framework, proper time is identified operationally as the phase count of an internal clock, and the Minkowski interval arises as the quadratic form consistent with phase invariance across inertial observers. The relation between mass and rest-frame frequency emerges naturally, providing a unified interpretation of relativistic kinematics in wave-mechanical terms. This formulation does not introduce new dynamics but offers a coherent structural perspective that bridges relativistic kinematics and wave propagation.
This work establishes a Lorentz-invariant relativistic scalar extension of the Dynamical Localized Wave Packet Theory (DLWPT) by formulating a deterministic field ontology directly within spacetime. By utilizing a coherence-scaled Lagrangian density, the framework derives equations of motion and energy-momentum structures where physical attributes such as mass, localization, and inertial response emerge from the intrinsic coherence stiffness of the field rather than from independent postulates or point-like particle identities. A central feature of this construction is the natural emergence of preferred momentum and energy scales that act as a dynamical ultraviolet regulator, suppressing arbitrarily high-frequency excitations while strictly maintaining Lorentz covariance. The theory reinterprets the standard wave function as a representation of information density and field coherence conservation, effectively replacing the probabilistic Born rule with a symmetry-driven conservation law. Furthermore, the framework demonstrates a hierarchical structure where reality operates across nested coherence limits, ensuring that the equations reduce smoothly to both non-relativistic DLWPT and conventional Schrödinger dynamics in the appropriate low-energy limits. This formulation positions DLWPT not as a replacement for relativistic field theory, but as a fundamental reinterpretation that links localization stability and dispersion behavior to a deeper, coherence-based geometric substrate.
This paper derives the Dirac equation as the logically forced relativistic completion of the de Broglie wave dynamics established in prior work of this series. Starting from the logical foundation that yields Lorentz/Poincaré invariance, we promote the non-relativistic framework (continuous spacetime, Fourier duality, local plane-wave structures, and probability conservation via statistical energy flux) to the relativistic regime. We show that the requirements of exact local relativistic plane-wave structures (with phase gradients satisfying the mass-shell condition pμpμ=m2c2p^\mu p_\mu = m^2 c^2pμpμ​=m2c2), first-order time evolution (needed for clean probability conservation), and full Lorentz covariance together force the introduction of a specific non-commuting algebraic structure and a multi-component wave function. The Dirac equation emerges as the unique linear differential operator of order at most one in the spacetime derivatives that consistently glues these local structures across smooth backgrounds while preserving a conserved four-current with positive-definite time component. This multi-component structure arises naturally as the minimal algebraic consequence of the constraints, without any separate postulate for intrinsic angular momentum. In exact analogy with the emergence of the finite invariant causal speed in special relativity, the Dirac dynamics is revealed not as an ad-hoc linearization of the Klein--Gordon equation, but as the mathematically inevitable description of indivisible particles in continuous relativistic spacetime. The derivation thereby completes the single-particle sector of the series, demonstrating that core structures of relativistic quantum mechanics flow deductively from a small number of deep, nearly tautological commitments.
This paper develops the quantum dynamical layer of the Quantum Lattice Model (QLM) by showing how the standard wave equations of quantum mechanics arise as continuum descriptions of coherent phase-action transport on a discrete Planck-scale lattice. The framework is constructed from the per-radian Planck primitives {ℏ, ℓP, tP}, where each lattice tick advances physical phase by one radian and transports one quantum of reduced action. The corresponding phase-action and phase-flow relations are dS = ℏ dθ and E = ℏ dθ/dτ, while the invariant lattice transport identity c = ℓP/tP fixes the maximal causal phase-transport speed of the lattice. Starting from symmetric nearest-neighbor phase transport between Planck cells, the continuum limit yields the relativistic wave operator (1/c²)∂t² − ∇². Introducing intrinsic rest-phase rotation with frequency ω0 = mc²/ℏ produces the Klein-Gordon equation as the continuum description of synchronized spatial phase transport and local rest-phase rotation. A first-order relativistic factorization yields the Dirac equation, while extraction of the rapidly rotating rest-phase carrier produces the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation governing slow envelope dynamics. Within this framework, the quantum wavefunction is interpreted as a coherent phase-envelope amplitude describing phase-action transport across the lattice. The conserved density ρ = |φ|² arises from the continuity equation of Schrödinger evolution, and the associated current takes the phase-flow form J = (ℏ/m)ρ∇θ. The paper also shows how interaction sectors enter the same transport framework as modular coupling layers. Scalar potentials contribute additional local phase rotation to the slow envelope, while routing-weighted transport modifies the effective capacity of lattice links. Coulomb coupling and weak-field gravitational coupling are presented as examples: the Coulomb potential appears as a scalar phase-rotation term, and gravitational routing modulation of the rest-phase carrier yields the weak-field potential V = mΦ. These results organize the Schrödinger, Klein-Gordon, and Dirac equations as successive continuum limits of deterministic phase-action transport on the Planck lattice, providing the quantum dynamical layer of the Quantum Lattice Model.
This work revisits the kinematic foundations of wave–particle duality by re-examining the logic originally proposed by Louis de Broglie within the framework of Special Relativity developed by Albert Einstein. Starting from the assumption that a massive particle possesses an intrinsic periodic degree of freedom associated with its rest energy, the study explores how Lorentz covariance acts on such periodicity. By representing the internal phase on a transverse cylindrical manifold, it is shown that the relativity of simultaneity naturally converts temporal periodicity into a spatial helical phase structure when observed from a moving frame. Within this geometric representation, the longitudinal phase gradient is fixed by relativistic kinematics, leading directly to the relation kz=p/ℏkz=p/ℏ which reproduces the well-known de Broglie relation. In this framework, particle momentum appears as the torsional density of the helical phase field, while the transverse radius forms a Lorentz-invariant geometric seat for the intrinsic structure. The analysis further shows that this transverse scale naturally aligns with the characteristic length Rc=ℏ/mcRc=ℏ/mc previously identified as a structural scale in the author's earlier work on helical phase-field models. The resulting picture suggests a geometric convergence in which the de Broglie wavelength and the characteristic particle radius emerge as the longitudinal and transverse signatures of a single relativistic phase structure. This work is purely kinematic and does not attempt to resolve the detailed dynamical origin of the internal energy partition. The dynamical mechanism responsible for the transverse stabilization and the associated energy coefficients will be addressed in subsequent studies.
The Klein-Gordon equation describes the wave-like behavior of spinless particles since it is Lorentz invariant. While it seemed initially ripe for explaining the electronic structure of the hydrogen atom, the lack of a unconditional positive probability density really limited its applications. Yet, it is intimately connected with fermions. Any solution to the Dirac equation is automatically a solution to the Klein-Gordon equation. What is even more surprising, the Klein-Gordon equation for a free particle turns into the Schrödinger equation in the non-relativistic limit. In this work we show that these problems disappear when we use the relativistic mass instead of the rest mass. While the Klein-Gordon equation losses its Lorentz invariance because of this transformation, it gains most of the features present the Schrödinger equation, including the unconditional positivity of probability density, while keeping most of its relativistic characteristics intact, including the matter-wave dispersion relation. What is even more surprising, the non-relativistic, quasi-static limit of the Klein-Gordon equation with relativistic mass is simply the Schrödinger equation under all possible conditions. So, it can be argued that this Klein-Gordon equation is a sort of relativistic Schrödinger equation.