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arXiv:2606.23817

Revealing high-dimensional entanglement through symmetry

Jayden Webster, Florian Kanitschar, Emanuele Polino, Simon J. U. White, Sven Rogge, Farzad Ghafari, Marcus Huber, Nora Tischler

quant-phSubmitted Jun 22, 2026• Announced Jun 24, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Photons encoded in discrete time bins can be routinely prepared in temporal superposition states, enabling high-dimensional entanglement and enhanced quantum communication rates. However, characterizing this high-dimensional entanglement presents significant challenges, namely due to the involved measurement complexity or reliance on restrictive assumptions that compromise the generality of traditional approaches. Here, we develop and experimentally demonstrate a simple linear-optical scheme based on particle-exchange symmetry that allows us to probe high-dimensional entanglement in time-bin-encoded states. Combining Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with suitable transformations, our method not only certifies entanglement but also lower-bounds its dimensionality using only two dichotomic symmetry-based measurements. This bound is obtained through a new rigorous theoretical analysis and can be further improved by weak, physically motivated assumptions. The scheme remains effective at any timescale, even far below the temporal detector resolution used. Our work provides a powerful state-characterization tool and demonstrates that we can prove high-dimensional temporal entanglement on timescales inaccessible to the setup.

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Photons encoded in discrete time bins can be routinely prepared in temporal superposition states, enabling high-dimensional entanglement and enhanced quantum communication rates. However, characterizing this high-dimensional entanglement presents significant challenges, namely due to the involved measurement complexity or reliance on restrictive assumptions that compromise the generality of traditional approaches. Here, we develop and experimentally demonstrate a simple linear-optical scheme based on particle-exchange symmetry that allows us to probe high-dimensional entanglement in time-bin-encoded states. Combining Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with suitable transformations, our method not only certifies entanglement but also lower-bounds its dimensionality using only two dichotomic symmetry-based measurements. This bound is obtained through a new rigorous theoretical analysis and can be further improved by weak, physically motivated assumptions. The scheme remains effective at any timescale, even far below the temporal detector resolution used. Our work provides a powerful state-characterization tool and demonstrates that we can prove high-dimensional temporal entanglement on timescales inaccessible to the setup.
Quantum states encoded in the time-bin degree of freedom of photons represent a fundamental resource for quantum information protocols. Traditional methods for generating and measuring time-bin-encoded quantum states face severe challenges due to optical instabilities, complex setups, and timing resolution requirements. To circumvent these issues, we leverage an approach based on Hong-Ou-Mandel interference and we propose and demonstrate a robust and scalable protocol to generate and measure arbitrary high-dimensional time-bin quantum states. We experimentally implement the protocol in a photonic setup reaching high-fidelity quantum state tomographies of two- and three-dimensional quantum states encoded in time bins with short temporal separation. We also certify intrasystem polarization-time entanglement of single photons through a nonclassicality test. The demonstrated approach enables access to high-dimensional states and tasks that are practically inaccessible with standard schemes, thereby advancing fundamental quantum information science and opening applications in quantum communication.
Many quantum communication protocols rely on the distribution of entanglement between the different participating parties. One example is quantum key distribution (QKD), an application that has matured to commercial use in recent years. However, difficulties remain, especially with noise resilience and channel capacity in long-distance communication. One way to overcome these problems is to use high-dimensional entanglement, which has been shown to be more robust to noise and enables higher secret-key rates. It is therefore important to have access to certifiable high-dimensional entanglement sources to confidently implement these advanced QKD protocols. Here we develop a method for certifying high-dimensional time-bin entanglement in fiber-loop systems. In these systems, entanglement creation and detection can utilize the same physical components, and the number of time bins, and thus the entanglement dimension, can be adapted without making physical changes to the setup. Our certification method builds on previous proposals for the certification of angular-momentum entanglement in photon pairs. In particular, measurements in only two experimentally accessible bases are sufficient to obtain a lower bound on the entanglement dimension for both two- and multiphoton quantum states. Numerical simulations show that the method is robust against typical experimental noise effects and works well even with limited measurement statistics, thus establishing time-bin encoded photons as a promising platform for high-dimensional quantum-communication protocols.
High-dimensional photonic entanglement holds significant promise for advancing quantum communication, computation, and metrology. For example, large-alphabet quantum communication protocols are known to benefit from enhanced noise resilience and information capacity via multi-bit time-bin encoding. Yet, characterizing high-dimensional entangled states is challenging, as full state tomography becomes prohibitively costly and often requires unrealizable measurements. Here, we demonstrate a scan-free method to characterize high-dimensional entanglement in the time-frequency domain. Our reconstruction achieves a record 5.70±0.075.70\pm0.075.70±0.07 ebits and a fidelity of 65.4±0.4%65.4\pm0.4\%65.4±0.4% with the maximally entangled state of local dimension 102110211021, certifying the presence of 668668668-dimensional entanglement. We further prove the attainability of a secure key rate of 15.615.615.6 kB/s in a composable finite-size, entanglement-based protocol, and show that in continuous operation, the setup can quickly approach asymptotic key rates. Using commercial telecom components and state-of-the-art low-jitter single-photon detectors, our scalable architecture offers a practical path towards high-rate, noise-resilient quantum communication testbeds.
High-dimensional entanglement offers promising perspectives in quantum information science. In practice, however, the main challenge is to devise efficient methods to characterize high-dimensional entanglement, based on the available experimental data which is usually rather limited. Here we report the characterization and certification of high-dimensional entanglement in photon pairs, encoded in temporal modes. Building upon recently developed theoretical methods, we certify an entanglement of formation of 2.09(7) ebits in a time-bin implementation, and 4.1(1) ebits in an energy-time implementation. These results are based on very limited sets of local measurements, which illustrates the practical relevance of these methods.
Abstract High-dimensional quantum entanglement is currently one of the most prolific fields in quantum information processing due to its high information capacity and error resilience. A versatile method for harnessing high-dimensional entanglement has long been hailed as an absolute necessity in the exploration of quantum science and technologies. Here we exploit Hong-Ou-Mandel interference to manipulate discrete frequency entanglement in arbitrary-dimensional Hilbert space. The generation and characterization of two-, four- and six-dimensional frequency entangled qudits are theoretically and experimentally investigated, allowing for the estimation of entanglement dimensionality in the whole state space. Additionally, our strategy can be generalized to engineer higher-dimensional entanglement in other photonic degrees of freedom. Our results may provide a more comprehensive understanding of frequency shaping and interference phenomena, and pave the way to more complex high-dimensional quantum information processing protocols.
Quantum entanglement is a fundamental resource for secure information processing and communications. The canonical optical quantum information processing encodes a single qubit per photon, with remarkable demonstrations of secure quantum communications, linear optical quantum computing amongst others. Often the polarization qubit, a discrete variable with entangled Bell states, is used. Continuous variables such as energy-time modes and spatial modes, however, present a dramatically larger Hilbert space for quantum information processing. The high-dimensional entanglement capture more qubits per photon, enabling dramatically higher secure key rates over longer distances and with better error resilience. Here I will describe our results on high-dimensional entanglement in quantum frequency combs for dense quantum communications. We first demonstrate revival of the Hong-Ou-Mandel interferences, long postulated by theorists more than a decade ago, up to 19-dimensions and with visibilities up to 96.5%. The mode-locked two-photon state in high-dimensions is further witnessed through a stabilized Franson interferometer, as a generalized Bell’s inequality test and hyperentangled through multiple degrees-of-freedom. Entanglement revivals of the non-local interference at discrete time-bins are uncovered, up to 97.8% visibility, as a fundamental resource for dense secure information processing.