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arXiv:2606.09306 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Range-controlled entanglement in Lindbladian skin states of monitored fermions

Gianluca Passarelli, Angelo Russomanno, Davide Rossini, Procolo Lucignano

quant-phcond-mat.mes-hallcond-mat.str-elSubmitted Jun 8, 2026• Announced Jun 9, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Reservoir engineering can stabilize states inaccessible to unitary dynamics. Directed particle-conserving dissipation creates Lindbladian skin states, where Pauli exclusion turns edge accumulation into a many-body density imbalance. In a monitored fermion chain with tunable hopping range, we identify, within a Gaussian trajectory approximation, two finite-size scaling regimes: short-range hopping is consistent with complete skin accumulation and area-law entanglement, whereas sufficiently long-range hopping produces a finite bulk tail and effective algebraic sub-volume-law entanglement. Dissipation and coherent hopping thus jointly control skin localization and quantum entanglement, highlighting their close interconnection.

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Reservoir engineering can stabilize states inaccessible to unitary dynamics. Directed particle-conserving dissipation creates Lindbladian skin states, where Pauli exclusion turns edge accumulation into a many-body density imbalance. In a monitored fermion chain with tunable hopping range, we identify, within a Gaussian trajectory approximation, two finite-size scaling regimes: short-range hopping is consistent with complete skin accumulation and area-law entanglement, whereas sufficiently long-range hopping produces a finite bulk tail and effective algebraic sub-volume-law entanglement. Dissipation and coherent hopping thus jointly control skin localization and quantum entanglement, highlighting their close interconnection.
Measurement-induced phase transitions in the presence of competition between projective measurement and random unitary evolution have attracted increasing attention due to the rich phenomenology of entanglement structures. However, in open quantum systems with free fermions, a generalized measurement with conditional feedback can induce the skin effect and render the system short-range entangled without any entanglement transition, meaning the system always remains in the ``area law'' entanglement phase. In this work, we demonstrate that power-law long-range hopping does not alter the absence of entanglement transition brought on by the measurement-induced skin effect for systems with open boundary conditions. In addition, for finite-size systems, we discover an algebraic scaling $S(L,L/4)\ensuremath{\sim}{L}^{3/2\ensuremath{-}p}$ when the power-law exponent ppp of long-range hopping is relatively small. For systems with periodic boundary conditions, we find that the measurement-induced skin effect disappears and observe entanglement phase transitions among ``algebraic law,'' ``logarithmic law,'' and ``area law'' phases.
We study the entanglement dynamics of a one-dimensional chain of monitored non-interacting complex fermions with random power-law hopping characterized by a decay exponent ααα. For α≲1α\lesssim 1α≲1, in stark contrast with the case of hopping to nearest neighbors, the scaling of the entanglement entropy (EE) of the steady state with system size LLL is faster than logarithmic for any monitoring or disorder strength and it tends towards a linear (volume-law) scaling for sufficiently small α≲1/2α\lesssim 1/2α≲1/2. For α>3/2α> 3/2α>3/2, the EE is in the area-law phase, namely, no scaling with LLL, for any monitoring strength. For 1<α≲3/21 < α\lesssim 3/21<α≲3/2, we identify an ααα-dependent measurement-induced phase transition (MIPT) at a critical value of the monitoring strength separating the mentioned area-law and sub-volume-law phases. At this critical point, the EE scales logarithmically with system size, and the density-density correlation function, closely related to the EE, exhibits multifractal features. These results highlight the importance of superdiffusive classical hopping in the entanglement dynamic of quantum many-body systems and also help differentiate its role with respect to conventional sources of entanglement such as genuine quantum non-locality.
The generation of entanglement in mixed states is relevant to quantum systems coupled to an environment. The dissipative and mixing properties of the environment are unavoidable in physical platforms for quantum simulation and information processing, where entanglement can be a vital resource. In this work, we explore entanglement and heterogeneity in random Lindbladian dynamics describing open quantum systems. We propose a model of a one-dimensional chain of noninteracting, spinless fermions coupled to a local ensemble of baths. The jump operator mediating the interaction with the bath linked to each site has a power-law tail with an exponent p . We show that the system undergoes volume-to-area law entanglement phase transition in the mixed steady state by tuning p which remains stable in the presence of coherent hopping. Unlike the entanglement transition in the pure-state quantum trajectories of open systems, this transition is exhibited by the averaged steady-state density matrix of the Lindbladian. The steady state in the area-law phase is characterized by a spatial heterogeneity in local population imbalance, while the jump operators exhibit a constant participation ratio of the sites they affect. Our work provides a theoretical description of an entanglement transition realized in long-ranged open quantum systems and provides an avenue to stabilize quantum correlations in mixed states. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
A quantum many-body system subject to unitary evolution and repeated local measurements with an increasing rate undergoes a measurement-induced entanglement transition from extensive (or subextensive) to area law entropy scaling. We find that certain open boundary systems under ``generalized monitoring,'' consisting of ``projective monitoring'' and conditional feedback, display an anomalous late-time particle concentration on the edge, reminiscent of the ``skin effect'' in non-Hermitian systems. Such feedback-induced skin effect will suppress the entanglement generation, rendering the system short-range entangled without measurement-induced entanglement transition. While initially emerged in noninteracting models, such skin effect can also occur in chaotic interacting systems and Floquet quantum circuits subjected to random generalized measurements. Since the dynamics of the skin effect do not require postselection and can be observed at the particle number level, the phenomenon is experimentally relevant and accessible in noisy intermediate-scale quantum platforms, such as trapped ions.
The skin effect, characterized by the tendency of particles to accumulate at the boundaries, has been extensively studied in non-Hermitian systems. In this paper, we propose an intuitive Lindbladian composed of two chains with reversed skin localization. The skin steady state is gradually delocalized as the interchain coupling increases. In the single-body scenario, it corresponds to a shift in the scaling of the Liouvillian gap $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ from $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\propto}{N}^{0}$ to $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\propto}{N}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. Notably, exact diagonalization results reveal a system-size sensitivity of the single-particle Liouvillian spectrum, inherited from the system-size sensitivity of the non-Hermitian effective Hamiltonian. We predict that even an arbitrarily small coupling will induce dramatic changes in the Liouvillian spectrum and steady state in the thermodynamic limit, a phenomenon we term the critical Liouvillian skin effect. Additionally, in the many-body scenario, by employing the stochastic Schr\"odinger equation to unravel the Lindblad master equation, it is revealed that the scaling behavior of steady-state entanglement changes from the area law to the logarithmic law. In this paper, we demonstrate the delocalization of both single- and many-body skin steady states, introducing a mechanism for inducing entanglement transitions beyond the quantum Zeno effect.
We revisit the fate of the skin modes in many-body non-Hermitian fermionic systems. Contrary to the single-particle case, the many-body ground state cannot exhibit an exponential localization of all eigenstates due to the Pauli exclusion principle. However, asymmetry can still exist in the density profile, which can be quantified using the imbalance between the two halves of the system. Using the non-Hermitian Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) chain as an illustration, we show the existence of two distinct scaling regimes for the imbalance. In the first one, the imbalance grows linearly with the system size, as generically expected. In the second one, the imbalance saturates to a finite value. By combining high-precision exact diagonalization calculations and analytical arguments, we observe that the imbalance does not scale when the occupied bands can be deformed to their Hermitian limit. This suggests a direct connection between the corresponding bulk topological invariants and the skin effect in many-body systems. Importantly, this relation also holds for interacting systems.