We study two-photon entangled states for quantum radar cross section (QRCS), which is an extension of a single-photon QRCS formula. Since signal-idler entanglement does not provide any enhancement of the QRCS [Brandsema's PhD Thesis (2017)], we focus on signal-signal entanglement and derive the corresponding biphoton QRCS. We show that it can provide an enhancement over the single-photon QRCS and two-photon separable QRCS, where the performance is evaluated for various two-dimensional target geometries in monostatic/bistatic configurations. Furthermore, using the double-Gaussian approximation, we derive QRCS formula for biphoton states with arbitrary degree of entanglement and compute the resulting scattering patterns.
We study two-photon entangled states for quantum radar cross section (QRCS), which is an extension of a single-photon QRCS formula. Since signal-idler entanglement does not provide any enhancement of the QRCS [Brandsema's PhD Thesis (2017)], we focus on signal-signal entanglement and derive the corresponding biphoton QRCS. We show that it can provide an enhancement over the single-photon QRCS and two-photon separable QRCS, where the performance is evaluated for various two-dimensional target geometries in monostatic/bistatic configurations. Furthermore, using the double-Gaussian approximation, we derive QRCS formula for biphoton states with arbitrary degree of entanglement and compute the resulting scattering patterns.
Quantum radar is a new concept proposed in recent years, which has attracted much attention. Quantum radar cross section (QRCS) is an important parameter of quantum radar. However, the simulation for QRCS is enormous for that it's based on the interaction of photons with atoms. In this paper, an extremely efficient method is proposed to calculate the monostatic QRCS. Besides, a two-dimensional arbitrary model is simulated. Compared with physical optics method, the side lobe enhancement effect of QRCS is verified. Meanwhile the high efficiency of this method is well documented.
The quantum radar cross section (QRCS) describes how much return one gets when illuminating an object with a handful of photons. However, the previous studies mainly focused on the monostatic scattering of quantum radar. In this study, in response to the four key questions raised by ourselves in bistatic quantum radar cross section (BIQRCS), we calculate and analyze the BIQRCS for the typical tow-dimensional plate. First, as mentioned by Brandsema, the further derived analytical solution for the rectangular plate is obtained. In addition, the influence of incident frequency and the number of photons on the BIQRCS for the plate were obtained. Besides, we first reveal that the envelope curves of sidelobes in BIQRCS at the given incidence display the invariance in frequency. Finally, we show some comparison results among the BIQRCS, classical radar cross section (CRCS), and monostatic QRCS for the plate and find the advantage of sidelobe of the BIQRCS in given direction. We anticipate that these research results will find use in the detection and discrimination of stealthy platforms.
In radar, the amount of returns that an object sends back to the receiver after
being struck by an electromagnetic wave is characterized by what is known as the
radar cross section, denoted by � typically. There are many mechanisms that affect
how much radiation is reflected back in the receiver direction, such as reflectivity,
physical contours and dimensions, attenuation properties of the materials, projected
cross sectional area and so on. All of these characteristics are lumped together in a
single value of �, which has units of m2. Stealth aircrafts for example are designed
to minimize its radar cross section and return the smallest amount of radiation
possible in the receiver direction.
A new concept has been introduced called quantum radar, that uses correlated
quantum states of photons as well as the unique properties of quantum mechanics
to ascertain information on a target at a distance. At the time of writing this
dissertation, quantum radar is very much in its infancy. There still exist fundamental
questions about the feasibility of its implementation, especially in the microwave
spectrum. However, what has been theoretically determined, is that quantum radar
has a fundamental advantage over classical radar in terms of resolution and returns
in certain regimes.
Analogous to the classical radar cross section (CRCS), the concept of the
quantum radar cross section (QRCS) has been introduced. This quantity measures
how “large” an object looks to a quantum radar be describing how a single photon, or
small cluster of photons scatter off of a macroscopic target. Preliminary simulations
of the basic quantum radar cross section equation have yielded promising results
showing an advantage in sidelobe response in comparison to the classical RCS. This
document expands upon this idea by providing insight as to where this advantage expanding upon the theory.
The expanded theory presented in this document includes re-deriving the QRCS
formula to be a general bistatic formula, as the current equation is only valid for
monostatic radar geometries. This re-derivation process also leads to the addition of
terms that capture the effect of photon polarization, something that is not properly
taken into account in the current literature. Most importantly, a new formulation
of the QRCS formula will be derived that includes writing the equation in terms
of Fourier transforms. This has a profound impact on the analysis of the theory
of the QRCS as it allows for the derivation of closed form solutions of certain
geometries, something that has never been possible due to the form of the current
QRCS equation. All together, this document will provide a complete and general
theory of the QRCS.
After deriving the necessary equations, there will be extensive work in the
utilization of these equations in deriving geometry dependent responses and comparing
the closed form solutions to the classical solutions as well as comparing the
solutions to the numerical simulations.
The current literature relies exclusively on numerical simulations…
Quantum radar is a new detection technology based on the mechanism of quantum physics and is promising for enhancing radar target detection capability. In this letter, the quantum radar equation is established based on the traditional radar equation; meanwhile, how the quantum radar cross section (QRCS) influences target detection performance and how QRCSs for some typical targets distribute are investigated via simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that the signal-to-noise ratio increases with the QRCS, the peak values of side-lobes of the QRCS for the cylinder surface fluctuate little, and the QRCS for corner reflectors almost exhibits no variations in a wide range of incident angles. The results listed above can benefit the signal design and performance evaluation of quantum radar as well as the design of quantum stealthy targets.
The quantum radar cross section (QRCS) is a measure of how electromagnetically “large” an object appears to a quantum radar. The fundamental mechanism that creates the return response is the interaction between the atomic electric dipole moments and the incoming photon. This paper derives the QRCS equation considering the effect of photon polarization in this interaction, as well as providing a means to study bistatic radar geometries. It is found that under normal circumstances, polarization plays no role in the target response. However, if the target's atomic dipoles are all aligned in one particular direction, such as if the object is in a strong uniform or slowly varying field, polarization has a significant effect on the response by allowing us to “steer” the location of a null to any observation angle desired. Furthermore, scattering can be suppressed in a very large range of scattering angles (not just one) if the polarization of the object and photon are chosen judiciously. It will be shown that this effect is unique to quantum radar and has no classical counterpart.
This paper presents a study on quantum radar technology developments, design Consideration for its integration, and quantum radar cross-section, QRCS based on quantum electrodynamics and interferometric considerations. Quantum radar systems supported by quantum measurement can fulfill not only conventional target detection and recognition tasks but are also capable of detecting and identifying the RF stealth platform and weapons systems. The development of radar technology is of the utmost importance in many avenues of research. The concept of a quantum radar has been proposed which utilizes quantum states of photons to establish information on a target at a distance. A photon, or a little cluster of photons, is distributed towards the target. The photons are absorbed and reemitted from the target and into the receiver. The measurement process may be executed in two alternative ways. One can perform an interferometric measurement (or phase measurement) on the photon, or one can simply count the number of photons that return. the previous method is named Interferometric Quantum Radar, and therefore the latter method is termed Quantum Illumination. For either of those methods, one can use stationary quantum states of photons or use entangled states. Its been shown that entangled states provide the most effective possible boost in resolution, achieving within the ideal case. The benefit of using quantum states is that they exhibit extra degrees of correlation by which to get information compared to classical methods. These extra correlations (called quantum correlations) serve to boost the resolution and signal/noise (SNR) that may be achieved within the radar system.