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arXiv:2605.02254

Perfect state transfer in Grover walks on dihedral Cayley graphs

Koushik Bhakta, Bikash Bhattacharjya, Xiwang Cao

math.COquant-phSubmitted May 4, 2026• Announced May 5, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

The paper investigates perfect state transfer (PST) in Grover walks on Cayley graphs over the dihedral group $D_n$. The Grover walk is a discrete-time quantum walk widely studied in quantum information processing. A Cayley graph $\operatorname{Cay}(Γ,S)$ is called normal if $S$ is the union of some conjugacy classes of the group $Γ$; otherwise, it is called non-normal. Most existing studies have been restricted to Cayley graphs over abelian groups. In contrast, we investigate both normal and non-normal cases for Cayley graphs over the non-abelian group $D_n$. By examining the parity of $n$ and the normality of the Cayley graph, we obtain a complete characterization of PST on $\operatorname{Cay}(D_n,S)$. In particular, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of PST in all possible cases, and prove that PST does not occur for normal Cayley graphs when $n$ is odd. Furthermore, we construct several infinite families of normal and non-normal Cayley graphs $\operatorname{Cay}(D_n,S)$ that exhibit PST, illustrating the application of the main result. Our approach is based on the representation theory of the dihedral group.

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Perfect state transfer in Grover walks on normal Cayley graphs

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Perfect State Transfer on Cayley Graphs over Dihedral Groups: The Non-Normal Case

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Recently, perfect state transfer (PST for short) on graphs has attracted great attention due to their applications in quantum information processing and quantum computations. Many constructions and results have been established through various graphs. However, most of the graphs previously investigated are abelian Cayley graphs. Necessary and sufficient conditions for Cayley graphs over dihedral groups having perfect state transfer were studied recently. The key idea in that paper is the assumption of the normality of the connection set. In those cases, viewed as an element in a group algebra, the connection set is in the center of the group algebra, which makes the situations just like in the abelian case. In this paper, we study the non-normal case. In this case, the discussion becomes more complicated. Using the representations of the dihedral group $D_n$, we show that ${\rm Cay}(D_n,S)$ cannot have PST if $n$ is odd. For even integers $n$, it is proved that if ${\rm Cay}(D_n,S)$ has PST, then $S$ is normal.

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A complete classification of perfect state transfer in Grover walks on abelian Cayley graphs

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We completely classify connected Cayley graphs over finite abelian groups that exhibit perfect state transfer in Grover walks. First, we show that a Cayley graph over any finite group exhibiting perfect state transfer has valency $1$, $2$, or $4$. For valency $4$, we prove that an abelian Cayley graph $\operatorname{Cay}(Γ,S)$ exhibits perfect state transfer if and only if $S=\{a,-a,a+h,-a+h\}$, where $h$ has order $2$, and $4\nmid |Γ|/2$. Combining this characterization with the valency-one and valency-two cases, we explicitly determine all pairs $(Γ,S)$ for which $\operatorname{Cay}(Γ,S)$ exhibits perfect state transfer. Our results extend the classification of circulant graphs of valency at most four obtained by Kubota and Yoshino [Circulant graphs with valency up to 4 that admit perfect state transfer in Grover walks, \emph{J. Comb. Theory Ser. A.}, 216 (2025) 106064] to Cayley graphs over arbitrary finite abelian groups and to all valencies.

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Perfect state transfer on Cayley graphs over dihedral groups

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Recently, there are extensive studies on perfect state transfer on graphs due to their significant applications in quantum information processing and quantum computations. However, most of the graphs previously investigated are abelian Cayley graphs. In this paper, we study perfect state transfer on Cayley graphs over dihedral groups. Using the representations of the dihedral group , we present some necessary and sufficient conditions for the Cayley graph to have a perfect state transfer between two distinct vertices for some connection set S. Based on these conditions, we show that cannot have PST if n is odd and S is conjugation-closed. For some even integers n, it is possible for to have PST, some concrete constructions are provided.

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We study perfect state transfer on Cayley graphs from the point of view that state transfer is a property of a graph and not of a group. This paper is a bridge between the classical question about isomorphic Cayley graphs of non-isomorphic groups and quantum walks on graphs. We show that a Cayley graph of a group with an abelian subgroup of index two is a Cayley graph of an abelian group under any one of three hypotheses, two drawn from the theory of isomorphic Cayley graphs. A statement of the same kind holds for extraspecial groups: every Cayley graph of an extraspecial $p$-group of order $p^{2n+1}$ with a conjugacy-closed connection set is a Cayley graph of $Z_p^{2n+1}$. From these results we deduce that every explicit construction of perfect state transfer in the six papers we survey, on dihedral, dicyclic, generalized dihedral, $V_{8n}$ and extraspecial $2$-groups, is a non-abelian presentation of an abelian Cayley graph. Moreover, we show that a non-abelian group with an abelian subgroup of index two admits a connected Cayley graph with perfect state transfer if and only if its order is divisible by four. Genuinely non-abelian examples do exist. We prove that, for every odd prime power $q\ge 5$, the $SL(2,q)$ graph of Pantangi and Sin, which they showed to admit perfect state transfer, is a Cayley graph of no abelian group; to our knowledge, this is the first infinite family of Cayley graphs with perfect state transfer provably admitting no abelian Cayley presentation. We also construct an infinite family of Cayley graphs with peak state transfer and determine all regular subgroups of the automorphism group of every member. An appendix records a census of the connected vertex-transitive graphs with perfect state transfer on at most $30$ vertices.

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Perfect quantum state transfer on Cayley graphs over semi-dihedral groups

Gaojun Luo, Xiwang Cao, Dandan Wang +1 more

Perfect quantum state transfer plays a crucial role in quantum information processing and quantum computation. There has been extensive study of perfect quantum state transfer on Cayley graphs over abelian groups. In this paper, we consider the existence of perfect quantum state transfer on Cayley graphs over semi-dihedral groups which are non-abelian groups. Using the representations of semi-dihedral groups, we provide some necessary and sufficient conditions for Cayley graphs over semi-dihedral groups admitting perfect quantum state transfer. By those conditions, we present examples of perfect quantum state transfer on Cayley graphs over semi-dihedral groups. In addition, we propose results about whether some new Cayley graphs over non-abelian groups admit perfect quantum state transfer.

Linear and Multilinear Algebra•Jul 15, 2021•8 citations
The paper investigates perfect state transfer (PST) in Grover walks on Cayley graphs over the dihedral group DnD_nDn​. The Grover walk is a discrete-time quantum walk widely studied in quantum information processing. A Cayley graph Cay⁡(Γ,S)\operatorname{Cay}(Γ,S)Cay(Γ,S) is called normal if SSS is the union of some conjugacy classes of the group ΓΓΓ; otherwise, it is called non-normal. Most existing studies have been restricted to Cayley graphs over abelian groups. In contrast, we investigate both normal and non-normal cases for Cayley graphs over the non-abelian group DnD_nDn​. By examining the parity of nnn and the normality of the Cayley graph, we obtain a complete characterization of PST on Cay⁡(Dn,S)\operatorname{Cay}(D_n,S)Cay(Dn​,S). In particular, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of PST in all possible cases, and prove that PST does not occur for normal Cayley graphs when nnn is odd. Furthermore, we construct several infinite families of normal and non-normal Cayley graphs Cay⁡(Dn,S)\operatorname{Cay}(D_n,S)Cay(Dn​,S) that exhibit PST, illustrating the application of the main result. Our approach is based on the representation theory of the dihedral group.
A Cayley graph Cay⁡(Γ,S)\operatorname{Cay}(Γ,S)Cay(Γ,S) over a finite group ΓΓΓ is said to be normal if its connection set SSS is a union of some conjugacy classes of ΓΓΓ. This paper investigates perfect state transfer in Grover walks on normal Cayley graphs. The Grover walk is a widely studied discrete-time quantum walk. We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the occurrence of perfect state transfer on normal Cayley graphs. As applications, we derive explicit spectral criteria for perfect state transfer on Cayley graphs over abelian groups, dicyclic groups, and dihedral groups. These results yield several infinite families of Cayley graphs exhibiting perfect state transfer. We further obtain simple combinatorial characterizations of the existence of perfect state transfer on Cayley graphs over dihedral and dicyclic groups. Our general characterization also recovers a number of previously known results as special cases. As a further consequence, we obtain a complete characterization of perfect state transfer on unitary Cayley graphs. In particular, we prove that exactly four graphs in the class of unitary Cayley graphs exhibit perfect state transfer.
Recently, perfect state transfer (PST for short) on graphs has attracted great attention due to their applications in quantum information processing and quantum computations. Many constructions and results have been established through various graphs. However, most of the graphs previously investigated are abelian Cayley graphs. Necessary and sufficient conditions for Cayley graphs over dihedral groups having perfect state transfer were studied recently. The key idea in that paper is the assumption of the normality of the connection set. In those cases, viewed as an element in a group algebra, the connection set is in the center of the group algebra, which makes the situations just like in the abelian case. In this paper, we study the non-normal case. In this case, the discussion becomes more complicated. Using the representations of the dihedral group DnD_nDn​, we show that Cay(Dn,S){\rm Cay}(D_n,S)Cay(Dn​,S) cannot have PST if nnn is odd. For even integers nnn, it is proved that if Cay(Dn,S){\rm Cay}(D_n,S)Cay(Dn​,S) has PST, then SSS is normal.
We completely classify connected Cayley graphs over finite abelian groups that exhibit perfect state transfer in Grover walks. First, we show that a Cayley graph over any finite group exhibiting perfect state transfer has valency 111, 222, or 444. For valency 444, we prove that an abelian Cayley graph Cay⁡(Γ,S)\operatorname{Cay}(Γ,S)Cay(Γ,S) exhibits perfect state transfer if and only if S={a,−a,a+h,−a+h}S=\{a,-a,a+h,-a+h\}S={a,−a,a+h,−a+h}, where hhh has order 222, and 4∤∣Γ∣/24\nmid |Γ|/24∤∣Γ∣/2. Combining this characterization with the valency-one and valency-two cases, we explicitly determine all pairs (Γ,S)(Γ,S)(Γ,S) for which Cay⁡(Γ,S)\operatorname{Cay}(Γ,S)Cay(Γ,S) exhibits perfect state transfer. Our results extend the classification of circulant graphs of valency at most four obtained by Kubota and Yoshino [Circulant graphs with valency up to 4 that admit perfect state transfer in Grover walks, \emph{J. Comb. Theory Ser. A.}, 216 (2025) 106064] to Cayley graphs over arbitrary finite abelian groups and to all valencies.
Recently, there are extensive studies on perfect state transfer on graphs due to their significant applications in quantum information processing and quantum computations. However, most of the graphs previously investigated are abelian Cayley graphs. In this paper, we study perfect state transfer on Cayley graphs over dihedral groups. Using the representations of the dihedral group , we present some necessary and sufficient conditions for the Cayley graph to have a perfect state transfer between two distinct vertices for some connection set S. Based on these conditions, we show that cannot have PST if n is odd and S is conjugation-closed. For some even integers n, it is possible for to have PST, some concrete constructions are provided.
We study perfect state transfer on Cayley graphs from the point of view that state transfer is a property of a graph and not of a group. This paper is a bridge between the classical question about isomorphic Cayley graphs of non-isomorphic groups and quantum walks on graphs. We show that a Cayley graph of a group with an abelian subgroup of index two is a Cayley graph of an abelian group under any one of three hypotheses, two drawn from the theory of isomorphic Cayley graphs. A statement of the same kind holds for extraspecial groups: every Cayley graph of an extraspecial ppp-group of order p2n+1p^{2n+1}p2n+1 with a conjugacy-closed connection set is a Cayley graph of Zp2n+1Z_p^{2n+1}Zp2n+1​. From these results we deduce that every explicit construction of perfect state transfer in the six papers we survey, on dihedral, dicyclic, generalized dihedral, V8nV_{8n}V8n​ and extraspecial 222-groups, is a non-abelian presentation of an abelian Cayley graph. Moreover, we show that a non-abelian group with an abelian subgroup of index two admits a connected Cayley graph with perfect state transfer if and only if its order is divisible by four. Genuinely non-abelian examples do exist. We prove that, for every odd prime power q≥5q\ge 5q≥5, the SL(2,q)SL(2,q)SL(2,q) graph of Pantangi and Sin, which they showed to admit perfect state transfer, is a Cayley graph of no abelian group; to our knowledge, this is the first infinite family of Cayley graphs with perfect state transfer provably admitting no abelian Cayley presentation. We also construct an infinite family of Cayley graphs with peak state transfer and determine all regular subgroups of the automorphism group of every member. An appendix records a census of the connected vertex-transitive graphs with perfect state transfer on at most 303030 vertices.
Perfect quantum state transfer plays a crucial role in quantum information processing and quantum computation. There has been extensive study of perfect quantum state transfer on Cayley graphs over abelian groups. In this paper, we consider the existence of perfect quantum state transfer on Cayley graphs over semi-dihedral groups which are non-abelian groups. Using the representations of semi-dihedral groups, we provide some necessary and sufficient conditions for Cayley graphs over semi-dihedral groups admitting perfect quantum state transfer. By those conditions, we present examples of perfect quantum state transfer on Cayley graphs over semi-dihedral groups. In addition, we propose results about whether some new Cayley graphs over non-abelian groups admit perfect quantum state transfer.