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arXiv:2604.26878

A Gaussian asymmetry measure

Riccardo Travaglino, Pasquale Calabrese

quant-phcond-mat.stat-mechSubmitted Apr 29, 2026• Announced Apr 30, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

The study of Entanglement Asymmetry has emerged in recent years as a powerful tool to characterise the symmetry properties of quantum states in relation to a given charge operator through the lens of entanglement. While extremely powerful and general, the standard definition of asymmetry introduces significant non-Gaussian features in free-fermionic systems, leading to certain analytical limitations. In this work, we introduce an asymmetry measure that remains strictly within the Gaussian manifold and analyse its properties. In particular, we show that it quantifies the minimal distance between a Gaussian state and the manifold of symmetric Gaussian states. We further demonstrate that this measure captures the established dynamical signatures of entanglement asymmetry, such as the Mpemba effect, symmetry restoration, and the lack thereof. The Gaussian structure allows these novel asymmetry measures to be computed exactly using correlation matrix techniques, and to be described asymptotically through the quasiparticle picture. We also comment on the possibility of using charge fluctuations to characterise the asymmetry of a Gaussian state.

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19 pages, 4 figures

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The study of Entanglement Asymmetry has emerged in recent years as a powerful tool to characterise the symmetry properties of quantum states in relation to a given charge operator through the lens of entanglement. While extremely powerful and general, the standard definition of asymmetry introduces significant non-Gaussian features in free-fermionic systems, leading to certain analytical limitations. In this work, we introduce an asymmetry measure that remains strictly within the Gaussian manifold and analyse its properties. In particular, we show that it quantifies the minimal distance between a Gaussian state and the manifold of symmetric Gaussian states. We further demonstrate that this measure captures the established dynamical signatures of entanglement asymmetry, such as the Mpemba effect, symmetry restoration, and the lack thereof. The Gaussian structure allows these novel asymmetry measures to be computed exactly using correlation matrix techniques, and to be described asymptotically through the quasiparticle picture. We also comment on the possibility of using charge fluctuations to characterise the asymmetry of a Gaussian state.
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Symmetry and symmetry breaking are two pillars of modern quantum physics. Still, quantifying how much a symmetry is broken is an issue that has received little attention. In extended quantum systems, this problem is intrinsically bound to the subsystem of interest. Hence, in this work, we borrow methods from the theory of entanglement in many-body quantum systems to introduce a subsystem measure of symmetry breaking that we dub entanglement asymmetry. As a prototypical illustration, we study the entanglement asymmetry in a quantum quench of a spin chain in which an initially broken global U(1) symmetry is restored dynamically. We adapt the quasiparticle picture for entanglement evolution to the analytic determination of the entanglement asymmetry. We find, expectedly, that larger is the subsystem, slower is the restoration, but also the counterintuitive result that more the symmetry is initially broken, faster it is restored, a sort of quantum Mpemba effect, a phenomenon that we show to occur in a large variety of systems.
Abstract Entanglement asymmetry is a quantity recently introduced to measure how much a symmetry is broken in a part of an extended quantum system. It has been employed to analyze the non-equilibrium dynamics of a broken symmetry after a global quantum quench with a Hamiltonian that preserves it. In this work, we carry out a comprehensive analysis of the entanglement asymmetry at equilibrium taking the ground state of the XY spin chain, which breaks theU(1) particle number symmetry, and provide a physical interpretation of it in terms of superconducting Cooper pairs. We also consider quenches from this ground state to the XX spin chain, which preserves theU(1) symmetry. In this case, the entanglement asymmetry reveals that the more the symmetry is initially broken, the faster it may be restored in a subsystem, a surprising and counter-intuitive phenomenon that is a type of a quantum Mpemba effect. We obtain a quasi-particle picture for the entanglement asymmetry in terms of Cooper pairs, from which we derive the microscopic conditions to observe the quantum Mpemba effect in this system, giving further support to the criteria recently proposed for arbitrary integrable quantum systems. In addition, we find that the power law governing symmetry restoration depends discontinuously on whether the initial state is critical or not, leading to new forms of strong and weak Mpemba effects.
The quantum Mpemba effect is the counterintuitive nonequilibrium phenomenon wherein the dynamic restoration of a broken symmetry occurs more rapidly when the initial state exhibits a higher degree of symmetry breaking. The effect has been recently discovered theoretically and observed experimentally in the framework of global quantum quenches, but so far it has only been investigated in one-dimensional systems. Here we focus on a two-dimensional free-fermion lattice employing the entanglement asymmetry as a measure of symmetry breaking. Our investigation begins with the ground-state analysis of a system featuring nearest-neighbor hoppings and superconducting pairings, the latter breaking explicitly the U(1)\text{U}(1)U(1) particle-number symmetry. We compute analytically the entanglement asymmetry of a periodic strip using dimensional reduction, an approach that allows us to adjust the extent of the transverse size, achieving a smooth crossover between one and two dimensions. Further applying the same method, we study the time evolution of the entanglement asymmetry after a quench to a Hamiltonian with only nearest-neighbor hoppings, preserving the particle-number symmetry which is restored in the stationary state. We find that the quantum Mpemba effect is strongly affected by the size of the system in the transverse dimension, with the potential to either enhance or spoil the phenomenon depending on the initial states. We establish the conditions for its occurrence based on the properties of the initial configurations, extending the criteria found in the one-dimensional case.
This thesis investigates the use of concepts from quantum information theory to analyze and quantify symmetry breaking in extended quantum systems, particularly focusing on the key measure known as Entanglement Asymmetry. The core of the work introduces and applies Entanglement Asymmetry. This quantity is defined based on the difference in information content between a quantum state and a version of that state where the symmetry has been enforced (or "symmetrized"). It represents an alternative approach to traditional, often problematic, local order parameters for measuring symmetry breaking: asymmetry is zero only if the state perfectly preserves the symmetry. The major contributions of the thesis are structured as follows: Symmetry Breaking in Bulk Critical Systems: The research analyzes Entanglement Asymmetry in two-dimensional Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) where the symmetry is explicitly broken. This work derives the asymptotic behavior of the asymmetry as a function of the subsystem size, extending earlier finite-size results to the critical continuum limit. Boundary Effects and Quenches: The analysis is extended to cases where the symmetry holds in the bulk of a CFT but is broken at the edge by a boundary condition. The thesis provides formulas describing this boundary-induced asymmetry, including power-law corrections whose exponents are linked to the properties of boundary-changing operators. It also explores the time evolution of asymmetry in quantum quench protocols. Generalization of Asymmetry to Modern Symmetries: The concept of Entanglement Asymmetry is generalized to include finite generalized symmetries, such as higher-form and non-invertible symmetries, which are a major topic in modern QFT. This involves establishing a generalized procedure for "symmetrizing" a state without relying on traditional group mathematics. Entanglement in Non-Hermitian Systems: The final chapter shifts focus to explore other entanglement properties, specifically symmetry-resolved entanglement and the entanglement Hamiltonian, within non-Hermitian models and their corresponding non-unitary CFTs.
Abstract Symmetry breaking is a fundamental concept in understanding quantum phases of matter, studied so far mostly through the lens of local order parameters. Recently, a new entanglement-based probe of symmetry breaking has been introduced under the name of entanglement asymmetry , which has been employed to investigate the mechanism of dynamical symmetry restoration. Here, we provide a universal formula for the entanglement asymmetry of matrix product states with finite bond dimension, valid in the large volume limit. We show that the entanglement asymmetry of any compact—discrete or continuous—group depends only on the symmetry breaking pattern, and is not related to any other microscopic features.