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arXiv:2604.17518

Thermal vapor quantum battery based on collective atomic spins

Jinyi Li, Juncheng Zheng, Xue Yang, Kainan Hu, Kanzheng Zhou, Junkai Zhuang, Hengyan Wang, Zhihao Ma, Mingxing Luo, Wenqiang Zheng

quant-phSubmitted Apr 19, 2026• Announced Apr 21, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum batteries harness non-classical resources, such as quantum coherence and entanglement, to surpass the performance limits of classical energy-storage devices. Here we realize a room-temperature quantum battery based on a collective atomic spin ensemble in a thermal alkali-metal vapor, containing approximately $10^{12}$ $^{87}$Rb atoms with coherence times exceeding 110 ms. We operationally determine the battery capacity by directly measuring the extremal internal energies accessible under unitary evolution. This tomography-free protocol agrees closely with the conventional state-based definition and verifies the decomposition of capacity into coherent and incoherent contributions. We further show that quantum coherence can substantially enhance the storage capability independently of level populations, and experimentally establish quantitative relations linking battery capacity to von Neumann, Tsallis and linear entropies. By introducing a controlled dephasing channel with a magnetic-field gradient, we observe a monotonic reduction of capacity with coherence loss and track the corresponding evolution of the entropy-capacity relations. Our results identify thermal atomic spin ensembles as a scalable platform for quantum batteries and connect macroscopic quantum energy storage with operational quantum thermodynamics.

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Quantum batteries harness non-classical resources, such as quantum coherence and entanglement, to surpass the performance limits of classical energy-storage devices. Here we realize a room-temperature quantum battery based on a collective atomic spin ensemble in a thermal alkali-metal vapor, containing approximately 101210^{12}1012 87^{87}87Rb atoms with coherence times exceeding 110 ms. We operationally determine the battery capacity by directly measuring the extremal internal energies accessible under unitary evolution. This tomography-free protocol agrees closely with the conventional state-based definition and verifies the decomposition of capacity into coherent and incoherent contributions. We further show that quantum coherence can substantially enhance the storage capability independently of level populations, and experimentally establish quantitative relations linking battery capacity to von Neumann, Tsallis and linear entropies. By introducing a controlled dephasing channel with a magnetic-field gradient, we observe a monotonic reduction of capacity with coherence loss and track the corresponding evolution of the entropy-capacity relations. Our results identify thermal atomic spin ensembles as a scalable platform for quantum batteries and connect macroscopic quantum energy storage with operational quantum thermodynamics.
The progressive miniaturization of devices devoted to energy manipulation and storage calls for extending thermodynamic concepts towards regimes where quantum effects become unavoidable. In this context, quantum thermodynamics provides the proper framework for understanding and exploiting non-classical effects for energy applications. Within this framework, we present a comprehensive review of the role played by spin systems as versatile platforms for quantum energy technologies, focusing on their dual role as Quantum Thermal Machines and Quantum Batteries. We discuss how the combination of discrete spectra, engineered interactions and long coherence times enables the realization of high-performance quantum devices. We then highlight how genuinely quantum features can be exploited to achieve performance beyond classical limits. Beyond theoretical developments, we review the rapid experimental progress across leading spin platforms, including nuclear magnetic resonance systems, trapped ions, nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond and superconducting circuits, which are bringing quantum energy devices from conceptual proposals to actual realizations. By presenting a unified spin-based framework that integrates energy conversion and storage, this review outlines the foundations of the emerging field of quantum energy and identifies key challenges and future directions for scalable quantum energy technologies.
We propose and analyze a hybrid qubit-qutrit quantum battery (QB) based on a mixed spin-1/2 and spin-1 system interacting via an anisotropic Heisenberg exchange coupling in the presence of a homogeneous magnetic field. The nonclassical properties of the system are characterized using the l1-norm of coherence and negativity, which quantify quantum coherence and entanglement, respectively. The performance of the quantum battery is evaluated through key indicators such as ergotropy, power, and capacity. Our results reveal that both ergotropy and power exhibit oscillatory dynamics, while the capacity remains constant over time. We further investigate the influence of system parameters and magnetic field strength on both quantum correlations and battery performance, demonstrating that nonclassicality plays a crucial role in enhancing energy-storage efficiency. Importantly, we establish a connection between the theoretical model and an experimentally realizable nickel-radical molecular complex, showing that quantum coherence, entanglement, and efficient energy storage persist even at room temperature. These findings provide a realistic pathway toward the implementation of hybrid qubit-qutrit quantum batteries in solid-state molecular platforms.
Recent advances in quantum information and quantum thermodynamics have reshaped the understanding of energy storage at the microscopic scale, paving the way toward protocols for storing and transferring energy in quantum devices. These systems, known as quantum batteries, offer a conceptual alternative to conventional macroscopic chemical batteries by exploiting quantum coherence, correlations, and many-body dynamics. By navigating the landscape of established spin-based quantum batteries, we review existing charging and work-extraction protocols, as well as the impact of external factors on their performance. Motivated by Floquet-engineered proposals, we further establish a connection between continuously and periodically driven spin chains as platforms for quantum energy storage. Finally, we survey experimental realizations and proposals, highlighting their implementability and scalability in current and near-term quantum technologies.
Accessing quantum advantage (QA) is a legitimate task in energy harvesting devices, and it is potentially reshaping thermodynamic concepts. In this respect, the resourceful quantum non-Gaussian (QNG) states are promising candidates that precisely enable universal quantum operations to enhance thermodynamic performance with capabilities beyond what Gaussian states can achieve. We recently proposed [K. Adhikary, D. W. Moore, and R. Filip, {\em Quantum Sci. Technol.} \textbf{10}, 035048 (2025)] the QNG state generation scheme, which serves as the framework for this study and is directly integrated into the battery setting to figure out QA. By leveraging coherence in the engineered QNG states, we aim to optimize the performance of quantum batteries for various Gaussian charger profiles under unitary dynamics. We further exploit the degree of thermal broadening and environmental coupling to the charger, which is capable of fostering stable performance under precise thermal management. This study provides a proof-of-concept for exploiting thermodynamic resources in quantum energy storage units.
Abstract The study of advanced quantum devices for energy storage has attracted the attention of the scientific community in the past few years. Although several theoretical progresses have been achieved recently, experimental proposals of platforms operating as quantum batteries under ambient conditions are still lacking. In this context, this work presents a feasible realization of a quantum battery in a carboxylate-based metal complex, which can store a finite amount of extractable work under the form of quantum discord at room temperature, and recharge by thermalization with a reservoir. Moreover, the stored work can be evaluated through non-destructive measurements of the compound’s magnetic susceptibility. These results pave the way for the development of enhanced energy storage platforms through material engineering.
Quantum batteries have emerged as promising platforms for exploring energy storage and transfer processes governed by quantum mechanical laws. In this work, we study three models of two-qubit open quantum systems. The first model comprises two central spins immersed in spin baths, and both central spins are collectively considered as quantum batteries. The impact of inter-qubit interactions on the performance of the quantum battery is investigated. In the second model, a two-qubit model interacting with a squeezed thermal bath serves as a collective quantum battery, where the impact of inter-atomic distance and the bath temperature on the battery's performance is explored. Furthermore, a two-qubit model is used, where one qubit is modeled as a battery and the other as a charger. The charger in this model interacts with an anisotropic spin-chain bath, which is conducive to quantum criticality. It is demonstrated that this criticality has a substantial impact on the quantum battery's storage capacity.