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arXiv:2604.14959

Ultrafast all-optical quantum teleportation

Takumi Suzuki, Takaya Hoshi, Akito Kawasaki, Shotaro Oki, Konhi Ichii, Hironari Nagayoshi, Kazuma Takahashi, Takahiro Kashiwazaki, Taichi Yamashima, Asuka Inoue, Takeshi Umeki, Tatsuki Sonoyama, Kan Takase, Warit Asavanant, Mamoru Endo, Akira Furusawa

quant-phSubmitted Apr 16, 2026• Announced Apr 17, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Light's intrinsic carrier frequency of hundreds of terahertz theoretically enables information processing at terahertz clock rates. In optical quantum computing, continuous-variable quantum teleportation is the fundamental building block for deterministic logic operations. This protocol transfers unknown quantum states between nodes using quantum entanglement and real-time feedforward of measurement outcomes. However, electrical feedforward bottlenecks currently restrict operational bandwidths to approximately 100 megahertz, preventing the exploitation of light's ultimate speed. Here we show 1-terahertz-bandwidth all-optical quantum teleportation, completely bypassing this electronic limitation. By transferring Bell measurement outcomes optically, we successfully teleported vacuum states across the terahertz band and real-time random coherent wavepackets with a 42-picosecond temporal width. Evaluating the intrinsic state transfer quality, we achieved teleportation fidelities of $\mathcal{F}=0.784$ for the broadband vacuum states and $\mathcal{F}=0.770$ for the dynamic coherent wavepackets. Both results strictly surpass the classical limit of $\mathcal{F}=0.5$, demonstrating genuine quantum teleportation at ultrafast speeds. Our results establish that optical quantum processing speeds are constrained solely by the nonlinear medium's 1-picosecond-scale response, rather than classical electrical interfaces. This methodology provides a cornerstone for terahertz-clock quantum computers capable of overcoming Moore's law, and paves the way for a high-capacity, telecom-compatible quantum internet.

Comments
14 pages, 3 figures

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Light's intrinsic carrier frequency of hundreds of terahertz theoretically enables information processing at terahertz clock rates. In optical quantum computing, continuous-variable quantum teleportation is the fundamental building block for deterministic logic operations. This protocol transfers unknown quantum states between nodes using quantum entanglement and real-time feedforward of measurement outcomes. However, electrical feedforward bottlenecks currently restrict operational bandwidths to approximately 100 megahertz, preventing the exploitation of light's ultimate speed. Here we show 1-terahertz-bandwidth all-optical quantum teleportation, completely bypassing this electronic limitation. By transferring Bell measurement outcomes optically, we successfully teleported vacuum states across the terahertz band and real-time random coherent wavepackets with a 42-picosecond temporal width. Evaluating the intrinsic state transfer quality, we achieved teleportation fidelities of F=0.784\mathcal{F}=0.784F=0.784 for the broadband vacuum states and F=0.770\mathcal{F}=0.770F=0.770 for the dynamic coherent wavepackets. Both results strictly surpass the classical limit of F=0.5\mathcal{F}=0.5F=0.5, demonstrating genuine quantum teleportation at ultrafast speeds. Our results establish that optical quantum processing speeds are constrained solely by the nonlinear medium's 1-picosecond-scale response, rather than classical electrical interfaces. This methodology provides a cornerstone for terahertz-clock quantum computers capable of overcoming Moore's law, and paves the way for a high-capacity, telecom-compatible quantum internet.
Quantum teleportation allows for the transfer of arbitrary, in principle, unknown quantum states from a sender to a spatially distant receiver, who share an entangled state and can communicate classically. It is the essence of many sophisticated protocols for quantum communication and computation. In order to realize flying qubits in these schemes, photons are an optimal choice. However, teleporting a photonic qubit has been limited due to experimental inefficiencies and restrictions. Major disadvantages have been the probabilistic nature of both entangled resource states and linear-optics Bell-state measurements (BSM), as well as the need for post-selecting the successful events by destroying the teleported qubit. Here, all the above limitations are overcome through a totally distinct, “hybrid” approach: continuous-variable (CV) quantum teleportation of a discrete-variable, photonic qubit. The strength of CV teleportation lies in the on-demand availability of the quadrature-entangled states and the completeness of a BSM in the quadrature bases using linear optics and homodyne detections; this enables fully deterministic, unconditional teleportation of photonic qubits. We implement this kind of “hybrid” teleportation by utilizing a very recent, advanced technology: a broadband CV teleporter and a narrow-band qubit compatible with the teleporter.
Quantum teleportation, a key building block for quantum technologies, enables distant parties, Alice and Bob, to transfer an unknown quantum state using entanglement, local operations, and classical communication. In this work, we propose a quantum teleportation protocol for single-photon time-frequency continuous variables, where time is the time of arrival at a detector. We detail the operational requirements of the protocol, notably the nonlinear interactions needed for the photon-photon time-frequency entangling gate. By explicitly treating the detector position as the reference frame for time of arrival, we show that, even with ideal classical and quantum channels, the input-output fidelity is not unity unless the receiving party can correct the detector-position mismatch. This results in a trade-off between teleportation fidelity and the temporal bandwidth of the input photon wavepacket. The protocol itself can be used for remote detector synchronization. In particular, we show that time-frequency cat and Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill states provide an internal temporal ruler through fidelity revivals. We further derive the classical and best-copy fidelity thresholds for single-photon Gaussian wavepackets, finding that the relevant vacuum-equivalent shot noise is input-dependent, in contrast with quadrature-based continuous-variable quantum teleportation. Our proposal derives from a quantum theory of space-time events, whereafter we establish space as a reference for the time degree of freedom, thereby grounding our work in ongoing research on reference frames and superselection rules in quantum optics and quantum information. Beyond protocols harnessing time-frequency continuous variables of single photons, this work points toward remote synchronization in quantum communication architectures.
Measurement-based continuous-variable optical quantum computing inherently offers high-speed, large-scale operations, yet its practical performance remains constrained by the processing latencies and throughput bottlenecks imposed by classical electronic feedforward circuits. To overcome these limitations, we propose a loss-tolerant, all-optical feedforward (AOFF) architecture for generalized quantum teleportation capable of executing arbitrary linear operations. Quantitative noise analysis under realistic device parameters demonstrates that the architecture successfully suppresses hardware-induced noise floor, confirming its compatibility with fault-tolerant quantum computing requirements. By eliminating optoelectronic conversions, this scheme enables continuous high-throughput operations that drastically reduce circuit runtime. Ultimately, this approach delivers a noise-resilient platform that reconciles operational versatility with the intrinsic speed and bandwidth of optical quantum information processing.
Enabling large-scale and high-speed quantum computation is a key to practical quantum computation. Continuous-variable approach in optical systems offer advantages in scalability and speed by leveraging their temporal degree of freedom and inherent large carrier frequency. In this paper, we investigate the generation and manipulation of quantum entanglement through a time-domain multiplexing approach. By employing time-domain multiplexing, we generate a two-dimensional cluster state—a universal resource for large-scale quantum computation—and perform quantum operations in the time domain with cluster state. Additionally, our ongoing research focuses on the generation and measurement of broadband optical quantum entanglement through an optical parametric oscillator, which holds potential as a foundation for high-speed quantum computing surpassing limitations of existing systems. By further engineering the quantum entanglement, we have also theoretically formulated a practical teleportation-based architectures for quantum computation in time domain. These advancements form the groundwork for the development of practical optical quantum computation.
A global quantum internet is based on scalable networks, which require reliable quantum hardware. Among them are quantum light sources providing deterministic, high-brightness, high-fidelity entangled photons and quantum memories with coherence times exceeding the millisecond range. Long-distance operation demands quantum light sources emitting at telecommunication wavelengths. A cornerstone for such networks is the demonstration of quantum teleportation. Here, we realize full-photonic quantum teleportation employing semiconductor quantum dots, which can fulfill all the aforementioned requirements. Two remote GaAs quantum dots, emitting in the near-infrared, are used: one as an entangled-photon pair source and the other as a single-photon source. During the experiment, the single photon is prepared in conjugate polarization states and interfaced with the biexciton emission of the entangled pair employing a polarization-selective Bell state measurement. This process teleports the respective polarization state onto the exciton emission of the entangled pair. The frequency mismatch between the triggered sources is erased using two polarization-preserving quantum frequency converters, enabling remote two-photon interference at telecommunication wavelengths, yielding a visibility of 30(1)%. A post-selected teleportation fidelity up to 0.721(33), significantly above the classical limit, demonstrates successful quantum teleportation between light from distinct sources. These results mark an important development for semiconductor-based quantum light sources.
The quest for a global quantum internet is based on the realization of a scalable network which requires quantum hardware with exceptional performance. Among them are quantum light sources providing deterministic, high brightness, high-fidelity entangled photons and quantum memories with coherence times in the millisecond range and above. To operate the network on a global scale, the quantum light source should emit at telecommunication wavelengths with minimum propagation losses. A cornerstone for the operation of such a quantum network is the demonstration of quantum teleportation. Here we realize full-photonic quantum teleportation employing one of the most promising platforms, i.e. semiconductor quantum dots, which can fulfill all the aforementioned requirements. Two remote quantum dots are used, one as a source of entangled photon pairs and the other as a single-photon source. The frequency mismatch between the triggered sources is erased using two polarization-preserving quantum frequency converters, enabling a Bell state measurement at telecommunication wavelengths. A post-selected teleportation fidelity of up to 0.721(33) is achieved, significantly above the classical limit, demonstrating successful quantum teleportation between light generated by distinct sources. These results mark a major advance for the semiconductor platform as a source of quantum light fulfilling a key requirement for a scalable quantum network. This becomes particularly relevant after the seminal breakthrough of addressing a nuclear spin in semiconductor quantum dots demonstrating long coherence times, thus fulfilling another crucial step towards a scalable quantum network.