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arXiv:2604.11377

Quantum Sensing with Joint Emitter-Fluorescence Measurements

Yuliya Bilinskaya, Sreenath K. Manikandan

quant-phgr-qcSubmitted Apr 13, 2026• Announced Apr 14, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

We present an analytically tractable model of a driven quantum harmonic emitter, such as an oscillating charged dipole, emitting radiation via resonance fluorescence. With this model we are able to characterize the quantum mechanical correlations that are built up at early times between the drive, the resonant emitter, and its fluorescence. We describe detection strategies that can reveal these quantum signatures in experiments by performing joint measurements on the quantum emitter and its fluorescence field. In particular, we show that simultaneous quantum measurements of a driven quantum emitter and its fluorescence can be used to probe the quantum noise of the driving field, relative to the maximally classical coherent state of the driving field, in short-time experiments. We conclude by discussing the applications to quantum sensing in quantum optical, quantum acoustic, and quantum gravitational scenarios of interest.

Comments
11 pages, 1 figure

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We present an analytically tractable model of a driven quantum harmonic emitter, such as an oscillating charged dipole, emitting radiation via resonance fluorescence. With this model we are able to characterize the quantum mechanical correlations that are built up at early times between the drive, the resonant emitter, and its fluorescence. We describe detection strategies that can reveal these quantum signatures in experiments by performing joint measurements on the quantum emitter and its fluorescence field. In particular, we show that simultaneous quantum measurements of a driven quantum emitter and its fluorescence can be used to probe the quantum noise of the driving field, relative to the maximally classical coherent state of the driving field, in short-time experiments. We conclude by discussing the applications to quantum sensing in quantum optical, quantum acoustic, and quantum gravitational scenarios of interest.
Performing accurate position measurements of a mechanical resonator by coupling it to some optically driven quantum emitter is an important challenge for quantum sensing and metrology. We fully characterize the quantum noise associated with this measurement process, by deriving master equations for the coupled emitter and the resonator valid in the ultrastrong coupling regime. At short timescales, we show that this noise sets a fundamental limit to the readout sensitivity and that the standard quantum limit can be recovered for realistic experimental conditions. At long timescales, the scattering of the mechanical quadratures leads to the decoupling of the emitter from the driving light, switching off the noise source. This method can be used to describe the interaction of any quantum system strongly coupled to a finite size reservoir.
We study a system of two interacting, nonidentical quantum emitters driven by a coherent field. We focus on the particular condition of two-photon resonance and obtain analytical expressions for the stationary density matrix of the system and observables of the fluorescent emission. Importantly, our expressions are valid for the general situation of nonidentical emitters with different transition energies. Our results allow us to determine the regime of parameters in which coherent two-photon excitation, enabled by the coherent coupling between emitters, is dominant over competing, first-order processes. Using the formalism of quantum parameter estimation, we show that the features imprinted by the two-photon dynamics into the spectrum of resonance fluorescence are particularly sensitive to changes in the distance between emitters, making two-photon excitation the optimal driving regime for the estimation of interemitter distance. This can be exploited for applications such as super-resolution imaging of pointlike sources.
Phase-sensitive squeezing in the resonance fluorescence of two-level atoms, that are coherently driven by a near-resonant laser field in free space, was observed recently (Lu et al 1998 Phys. Rev .L ett. 81 3635). This was accomplished via homodyne detection at a phase near ±45 ◦ relative to the driving field for strong off-resonant excitation of ‘long-lived’ atoms (where th ea tomic lifetime far exceeded the laser–atom interaction time, meaning that relaxation effects could be ignored). On the other hand, traditional theoretical predictions of phase-sensitive squeezing in the resonance fluorescence from two-level atoms have emphasized in- and out-of-phase (i.e., 0 ◦ and 90 ◦ ) quadratures, and weak, on-resonant excitation of ‘short-lived’ atoms (where the observation time for laser–atom interaction fa re xceeded the natural atomic lifetime, meaning that relaxation effects dominate). Here, we calculate the probability of a delayed-coincidence detection in the interference field of a fluorescing dipole with a local oscillator (LO). We show that, despite the strikingly different conditions in which squeezing occurs in short- and long-lived atoms, squeezing in both cases can be shown to arise from a joint detection of two photons which are related by a quantum jump in the following way: the first photodetection precipitates a quantum jump of the atom to the ground state, and the second measures the mean amplitude of the fluorescent field subsequent to the quantum jump.
Optical Rabi oscillations are coherent population oscillations of a two-level system coupled by an electric dipole transition when driven by a strong nearly resonant optical field. In quantum dot structures, these measurements have typically been performed as a function of the total pulse area $\ensuremath{\int}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{0}(t)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{d}t$ where the pulse area varies as a function of Rabi frequency. Here, we report direct detection of the time-resolved coherent transient response of the resonance fluorescence to measure the time evolution of the optical Rabi oscillations in a single charged InAs quantum dot. We extract a decoherence rate consistent with the limit from the excited state lifetime.
Quantum noise is a fundamental limitation for quantum sensors and results in the so-called shot-noise limit. Nowadays, several systems such as optical clocks or gravitational wave detectors approach measurement sensitivities where this limitation poses a major contribution to the total statistical uncertainty. It is known that this limit can be overcome by preparing the probe in a non-classical state. We will give an overview over the different non-classical states that have been implemented in the motion of single trapped ions and discuss their individual advantages and limitations in metrology. Possible applications for the presented experiments are the measurement of small oscillating electric fields and trapping frequencies. The Focus will be on our experimental work on Fock states, where quantum-enhanced sensing in both scenarios is possible with the same quantum state.