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arXiv:2604.07637

Quantum Frequency Resolved Optical Gating of Few-Cycle Squeezed Vacuum

Thomas Zacharias, Elina Sendonaris, Robert Gray, James Williams, Ryoto Sekine, Maximilian Shen, Selina Zhou, Alireza Marandi

Published Apr 8, 2026• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Offering terahertz of bandwidths and femtosecond timescales, ultrafast optics is enabling both the study of fundamental quantum optical phenomena and the advancement of quantum-enhanced applications. However, unlocking the full potential of ultrafast quantum optics requires accessing the temporal characteristics of ultrashort quantum pulses across ultrabroad bandwidths. This is particularly important in the near-infrared and visible range of the optical spectrum, which, unlike the terahertz and long-wave infrared, has remained beyond the reach of current techniques. Here, we break this barrier by translating frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG), a widely used technique for ultrafast classical pulse characterization, to the quantum regime. We show how such a quantum FROG can measure complex temporal modes and sub-optical-cycle quadrature covariances in the near-infrared, enabling complete characterization of microscopic Gaussian states. We experimentally use the quantum-FROG to report the measurement of quadrature correlations, complex temporal modes, and squeezing levels of multimode ultrafast squeezed vacuum states generated on a nanophotonic chip. We access multimode squeezing levels of a femtosecond quantum pulse approaching 7 dB and demonstrate FROG-based measurement bandwidths exceeding 100 THz. Quantum FROG enables measurement of previously inaccessible quantum features of ultrashort pulses at the sub-optical-cycle regime and highlights a practical path to accessing terahertz of bandwidths in quantum optics for applications in computing, sensing, and imaging.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2604.07637

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Offering terahertz of bandwidths and femtosecond timescales, ultrafast optics is enabling both the study of fundamental quantum optical phenomena and the advancement of quantum-enhanced applications. However, unlocking the full potential of ultrafast quantum optics requires accessing the temporal characteristics of ultrashort quantum pulses across ultrabroad bandwidths. This is particularly important in the near-infrared and visible range of the optical spectrum, which, unlike the terahertz and long-wave infrared, has remained beyond the reach of current techniques. Here, we break this barrier by translating frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG), a widely used technique for ultrafast classical pulse characterization, to the quantum regime. We show how such a quantum FROG can measure complex temporal modes and sub-optical-cycle quadrature covariances in the near-infrared, enabling complete characterization of microscopic Gaussian states. We experimentally use the quantum-FROG to report the measurement of quadrature correlations, complex temporal modes, and squeezing levels of multimode ultrafast squeezed vacuum states generated on a nanophotonic chip. We access multimode squeezing levels of a femtosecond quantum pulse approaching 7 dB and demonstrate FROG-based measurement bandwidths exceeding 100 THz. Quantum FROG enables measurement of previously inaccessible quantum features of ultrashort pulses at the sub-optical-cycle regime and highlights a practical path to accessing terahertz of bandwidths in quantum optics for applications in computing, sensing, and imaging.
Temporally multimode squeezed states have been a topic of recent interest due to their applications in quantum communication, information processing, and sensing. Characterizing the mode shapes is crucial for effectively manipulating these states, but current mode shape and state characterization techniques necessitate constraining assumptions and complicated experimental setups. Here, we propose a characterization technique that simultaneously recovers the complex temporal mode shapes and quadrature variances of ultrafast multimode squeezed states based on frequency resolved optical gating (FROG) using an optical parametric amplifier (OPA). FROG is a promising tool for quantum state characterization due to its flexibility of implementation and high temporal resolution. Using an OPA as the nonlinear process in FROG has the benefit of amplifying weak quantum states to a detectable level while preserving quantum information. Numerical simulations demonstrate the recovery of the mode shapes and levels of squeezing and anti-squeezing of ultrafast multimode squeezed states. This scheme offers a practical experimental approach to measuring arbitrary temporal mode shapes and characterizing large-scale multimode ultrafast Gaussian quantum states.
Photonics offers the potential for large-scale, room-temperature, and ultrafast quantum operations. Multiplexing pulses of light allows for high throughput speeds and dense encoding, with tens of thousands of optical modes being present in a time as short as a microsecond. However, the measurement speed of electronic devices such as photodetectors is currently one bottleneck in such time-multiplexed scalability, because many quantum optical protocols rely on measurement, including state preparation, feed-forward, and feedback. Furthermore, characterization of quantum states and modes is essential for their effective use. Using nanophotonic optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) presents one way to circumvent the measurement limitations of current quantum photonic schemes. Their large amplification bandwidth, enabled by dispersion engineering on nanophotonic integrated platforms, allows information encoded in femtosecond-scale, THz-bandwidth, multimode quantum optical states to be accessed with nonlinear optical interactions. In this work, we show how ultra-broadband integrated nanophotonic OPAs can be used to measure ultrafast and multimode quantum states of light. First, we explore the single-photon detection capabilities of OPAs, showing that current OPAs operating in the Gaussian regime are capable of 250 MHz photon count rates with 26% efficiency and a 2% dark count probability. We also show how non-Gaussian operation through pump depletion, with performance that approaches state-of-the-art photon detectors in terms of efficiency and dark count rate while retaining ultrafast operation, can become experimentally possible with a higher nonlinear coupling rate and lower loss. Next, we use nanophotonic OPAs to both generate and characterize multimode ultrafast squeezed vacuum. We use the photocurrent distribution of amplified squeezed vacuum to recover 2.41 dB of squeezing in one mode of a 154-fs multimode squeezed pulse and reconstruct its Wigner distribution. Finally, we investigate the capabilities of broadband nanophotonic OPAs to determine the temporal mode structure and quadrature variances of ultra-broadband temporally multimode quantum states by adapting frequency-resolved optical gating to the quantum regime. We numerically show the successful full characterization of a multimode squeezed state, even in the presence of noise. Together, these results establish OPAs as a valuable measurement device for measuring ultrafast quantum pulses and learning the structure of multimode quantum states, and they provide one building block towards a framework for scalable continuous-variable quantum photonics in which state generation, manipulation, and characterization occur within the same nanophotonic platform.
One of the most fundamental quantum states of light is the squeezed vacuum, in which noise in one of the quadratures is less than the standard quantum noise limit. In nanophotonics, it remains challenging to generate, manipulate, and measure such a quantum state with the performance required for a wide range of scalable quantum information systems. Here, we report the development of a lithium niobate-based nanophotonic platform to demonstrate the generation and all-optical measurement of squeezed states on the same chip. The generated squeezed states span more than 25 terahertz of bandwidth supporting just a few optical cycles. The measured 4.9 decibels of squeezing surpass the requirements for a wide range of quantum information systems, demonstrating a practical path toward scalable ultrafast quantum nanophotonics.
Nonclassical states of light are central resources for quantum metrology and quantum information, yet most high performance squeezing platforms operate in narrowband or continuous-wave regimes where the quantum noise is effectively stationary. This work advances ultrafast quantum optics by demonstrating how squeezed states can be generated, measured, and engineered on femtosecond and attosecond time scales, so that quantum fluctuations become a controllable property of the optical waveform itself. In this work, broadband few-cycle coherent drivers are produced using the light field synthesizer (LFS) setup that coherently combines UV/VIS/NIR channels with independently adjustable delays and amplitudes. Ultrafast squeezed light is generated via degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) in fused silica using a three-beam interaction geometry, implemented as a quantum light field squeezer (QLFS) that enables quasi-collinear phase matching across a wide bandwidth. A metrology framework compatible with ultrashort pulses is developed: amplitude (intensity) uncertainty is extracted from shot-to-shot spectral statistics, while relative phase fluctuations are retrieved from spectral-interference fringes in channel-overlap regions. These observables are connected to a displaced squeezed state model by fitting variance expressions, enabling phase-space visualization through Wigner function reconstruction. Beyond static squeezing, the QLFS provides attosecond-resolved control of the generated quantum state by tuning inter-pulse delay and phase matching geometry, allowing the redistribution of uncertainty between conjugate quadratures and revealing time-dependent (sub-cycle) structure of the intensity uncertainty within the optical cycle. Finally, the work extends ultrafast quantum optics into solid-state systems by demonstrating squeezed light driven tunneling in a graphene-silicon-graphene phototransistor, where state-dependent modulation of current noise is observed alongside simultaneous optical uncertainty measurements. Together, these results establish a practical route to waveform-level quantum state engineering and motivate future ultrafast quantum metrology, strong field quantum optics control, and hybrid photonic electronic quantum technologies.
Intense twin beams generated by high-gain parametric downconversion exhibit simultaneous correlations in time and frequency. To characterize the simultaneous correlations, it is important to determine the temporal correlation profile and the corresponding phase. Although sum frequency generation (SFG) is often used to characterize the temporal correlation of the twin beams, the SFG spectra reconstruct the pump intensity spectrum shape used to generate the twin beams, so useful information for phase reconstruction cannot be obtained from the SFG spectra. We propose and demonstrate frequency-resolved optical gating measurement for ultranarrow temporal correlation of twin beams (referred to as quantum FROG measurement). Quantum FROG measurement for twin beam correlations is realized using a cross-correlator based on four-wave mixing (FWM). We show theoretically that although the quantum FROG trace exhibits a different functional form obtained by the conventional FROG trace for ultrashort pulses, it is sensitive to phase dispersion. In experiments, we observed a shift of the FWM frequency, i.e., frequency chirping, within a correlation time of hundreds of femtoseconds, and the sign of the chirp was also identified.