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arXiv:2604.03373

Enabling Modularity for Spin Qubits via Driven Quantum Dot-Mediated Entanglement

V. Srinivasa

quant-phcond-mat.mes-hallSubmitted Apr 3, 2026• Announced Apr 7, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

We present an approach for entangling spin qubits via capacitive coupling mediated by an ac electric field-driven multielectron mediator quantum dot. To illustrate this method, we consider the case of a driven two-electron dot that mediates entanglement between resonant exchange qubits defined in three-electron triple quantum dots, which enable direct capacitive coupling and interaction with microwave fields via intrinsic spin-charge mixing. The method can also be applied to other types of spin qubits that can be coupled capacitively. We show that this approach leads to rapid, single-pulse universal entangling gates for resonant exchange qubits that are activated via the drive on the mediator dot. Unlike conventional tunneling-based two-qubit gates between exchange-only qubits, the capacitive interaction-based gates we describe do not require an extensive sequence of pulses to mitigate leakage. We describe how this drive-activated local entangling approach can be integrated with the driven sideband-based long-range approach for cavity-mediated entangling gates developed in our previous work in order to enable modularity for spin-based quantum information processing.

Comments
23 pages, 7 figures

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We present an approach for entangling spin qubits via capacitive coupling mediated by an ac electric field-driven multielectron mediator quantum dot. To illustrate this method, we consider the case of a driven two-electron dot that mediates entanglement between resonant exchange qubits defined in three-electron triple quantum dots, which enable direct capacitive coupling and interaction with microwave fields via intrinsic spin-charge mixing. The method can also be applied to other types of spin qubits that can be coupled capacitively. We show that this approach leads to rapid, single-pulse universal entangling gates for resonant exchange qubits that are activated via the drive on the mediator dot. Unlike conventional tunneling-based two-qubit gates between exchange-only qubits, the capacitive interaction-based gates we describe do not require an extensive sequence of pulses to mitigate leakage. We describe how this drive-activated local entangling approach can be integrated with the driven sideband-based long-range approach for cavity-mediated entangling gates developed in our previous work in order to enable modularity for spin-based quantum information processing.
We consider a pair of quantum dot-based spin qubits that interact via microwave photons in a superconducting cavity and that are also parametrically driven by separate external electric fields. For this system, we formulate a model for spin qubit entanglement in the presence of mutually off-resonant qubit and cavity frequencies. We show that the sidebands generated via the driving fields enable highly tunable qubit-qubit entanglement using only ac control and without requiring the qubit and cavity frequencies to be tuned into simultaneous resonance. The model we derive can be mapped to a variety of qubit types, including detuning-driven one-electron spin qubits in double quantum dots and three-electron resonant exchange qubits in triple quantum dots. The high degree of nonlinearity inherent in spin qubits renders these systems particularly favorable for parametric drive-activated entanglement. We determine multiple common resonance conditions for the two driven qubits and the cavity and identify experimentally relevant parameter regimes that enable the implementation of entangling gates with suppressed sensitivity to cavity photon occupation and decay. The parametrically driven sideband resonance approach that we describe provides a promising route toward scalability and modularity in spin-based quantum information processing through drive-enabled tunability that can also be implemented in micromagnet-free electron and hole systems for spin-photon coupling. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
The Heisenberg exchange interaction between neighboring quantum dots allows precise voltage control over spin dynamics, due to the ability to precisely control the overlap of orbital wavefunctions by gate electrodes. This allows the study of fundamental electronic phenomena and finds applications in quantum information processing. Although spin-based quantum circuits based on short-range exchange interactions are possible, the development of scalable, longer-range coupling schemes constitutes a critical challenge within the spin-qubit community. Approaches based on capacitative coupling and cavity-mediated interactions effectively couple spin qubits to the charge degree of freedom, making them susceptible to electrically-induced decoherence. The alternative is to extend the range of the Heisenberg exchange interaction by means of a quantum mediator. Here, we show that a multielectron quantum dot with 50-100 electrons serves as an excellent mediator, preserving speed and coherence of the resulting spin-spin coupling while providing several functionalities that are of practical importance. These include speed (mediated two-qubit rates up to several gigahertz), distance (of order of a micrometer), voltage control, possibility of sweet spot operation (reducing susceptibility to charge noise), and reversal of the interaction sign (useful for dynamical decoupling from noise).
Superconducting resonator couplers will likely become an essential component in modular semiconductor quantum dot (QD) spin qubit processors, as they help alleviate crosstalk and wiring issues as the number of qubits increases. Here, we focus on a three-qubit system composed of two modules: a two-electron triple QD resonator coupled to a single-electron double QD. Using a combination of analytical techniques and numerical results, we derive an effective Hamiltonian that describes the three-qubit logical subspace and show that it accurately captures the dynamics of the system. We examine the performance of short-range and long-range entangling gates, revealing the effect of a spectator qubit in reducing the gate fidelities in both cases. We further study the competition between nonadiabatic errors and spectator-associated errors in short-range operations and quantify their relative importance across practical parameter ranges for short and long gate times. We also analyze the impact of charge noise together with residual coupling to the spectator qubit on intermodule entangling gates and find that for current experimental settings, leakage errors are the main source of infidelities in these operations. Our results help pave the way toward identifying optimal modular QD architectures for quantum information processing on semiconductor chips. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Scalable quantum processors require tunable two-qubit gates that are fast, coherent and long-range. The Heisenberg exchange interaction offers fast and coherent couplings for spin qubits, but is intrinsically short-ranged. Here, we demonstrate that its range can be increased by employing a multielectron quantum dot as a mediator, while preserving speed and coherence of the resulting spin-spin coupling. We do this by placing a large quantum dot with 50-100 electrons between a pair of two-electron double quantum dots that can be operated and measured simultaneously. Two-spin correlations identify coherent spin-exchange processes across the multielectron quantum dot. We further show that different physical regimes of the mediated exchange interaction allow a reduced susceptibility to charge noise at sweet spots, as well as positive and negative coupling strengths up to several gigahertz. These properties make multielectron dots attractive as scalable, voltage-controlled coherent coupling elements.
We investigate a hybrid quantum system consisting of spatially separated resonant exchange qubits, defined in three-electron semiconductor triple quantum dots, that are coupled via a superconducting transmission line resonator. Drawing on methods from circuit quantum electrodynamics and Hartmann-Hahn double resonance techniques, we analyze three specific approaches for implementing resonator-mediated two-qubit entangling gates in both dispersive and resonant regimes of interaction. We calculate entangling gate fidelities as well as the rate of relaxation via phonons for resonant exchange qubits in silicon triple dots and show that such an implementation is particularly well suited to achieving the strong coupling regime. Our approach combines the favorable coherence properties of encoded spin qubits in silicon with the rapid and robust long-range entanglement provided by circuit QED systems.
Recent experiments with silicon qubits demonstrated strong coupling of a microwave resonator to the spin of a single electron in a double quantum dot, opening up the possibility of long-range spin-spin interactions. We present our theoretical calculation of effective interactions between distant quantum dot spins coupled by a resonator, and propose a protocol for fast, high-fidelity two-qubit gates consistent with experimentally demonstrated capabilities. Our simulations show that, in the presence of noise, spin-spin entangling gates significantly outperform cavity-mediated gates on charge qubits.