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arXiv:2604.00635

Large deviations of the periodic Toda chain

Тамара Грава, Alice Guionnet, Karol Kajetan Kozlowski, Alex Little

Published Apr 1, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

This work establishes a large deviation principle for the spectral measure of the Lax matrix associated to the periodic Toda chain of $N$ particles, subject to a generalised Gibbs measure. This large deviation principle is governed by a rate function which can be regarded as a generalisation of the free energy of the system. Such a large deviation principle is proven both for the model when the momentum is constrained to be zero and when it is allowed to fluctuate. Moreover, the large deviation principle is proven directly at the level of the representation of the generalised Gibbs partition function given in terms of the variables realising the classical separation of variables, \textit{i.e.} rectifying the equations of motion. As such, this work paves the way towards the computation of the thermodynamic limit of dynamical correlation functions in the Toda chain subject to generalised Gibbs ensemble statistics.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2604.00635

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This work establishes a large deviation principle for the spectral measure of the Lax matrix associated to the periodic Toda chain of NNN particles, subject to a generalised Gibbs measure. This large deviation principle is governed by a rate function which can be regarded as a generalisation of the free energy of the system. Such a large deviation principle is proven both for the model when the momentum is constrained to be zero and when it is allowed to fluctuate. Moreover, the large deviation principle is proven directly at the level of the representation of the generalised Gibbs partition function given in terms of the variables realising the classical separation of variables, \textit{i.e.} rectifying the equations of motion. As such, this work paves the way towards the computation of the thermodynamic limit of dynamical correlation functions in the Toda chain subject to generalised Gibbs ensemble statistics.
Abstract We study the motion of a classical particle subject to anisotropic harmonic forces and constrained to move on the sphere. In the integrable-systems literature this problem is known as the Neumann model. We choose the spring constants in a way that makes the connection with the so-called p = 2 spherical disordered system transparent. We tackle the problem in the N → ∞ limit by introducing a soft version in which the spherical constraint is imposed only on average over initial conditions. We show that the Generalized Gibbs Ensemble, constructed with N conserved charges in involution, captures the long-time averages of all relevant observables of the soft model after sudden changes in the parameters (quenches). We reveal the full dynamic phase diagram with four different phases in which the particles' position and momentum are both extended, only the position quasi-condenses or condenses, and both condense. The scaling properties of the fluctuations allow us to establish in which of these cases the strict and soft spherical constraints are equivalent. We thus confirm the validity of the GGE hypothesis for the Neumann model on a large portion of the dynamic phase diagram.
Abstract The thermodynamic Bethe ansatz approach to the study of integrable quantum field theories was introduced in the early 90s. Since then it has been known that the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations can be recast in the form of Y -systems. These Y -systems have a number of interesting properties, notably in the high-temperature limit their solutions are constants from which the central charge of the ultraviolet fixed point can be obtained and they are typically periodic functions, with period proportional to the dimension of the perturbing field. In this letter we discuss the derivation of Y -systems when the standard thermodynamic Bethe ansatz equations are replaced by generalised versions, describing generalised Gibbs ensembles. We shown that for many integrable quantum field theories, there is a large class of distinct generalised Gibbs ensembles which share the same Y -system.
We build and analytically calculate the Generalised Gibbs Ensemble partition function of the integrable Soft Neumann Model. This is the model of a classical particle which is constrained to move, on average over the initial conditions, on an NNN dimensional sphere, and feels the effect of anisotropic harmonic potentials. We derive all relevant averaged static observables in the (thermodynamic) N→∞N\rightarrow\inftyN→∞ limit. We compare them to their long-term dynamic averages finding excellent agreement in all phases of a non-trivial phase diagram determined by the characteristics of the initial conditions and the amount of energy injected or extracted in an instantaneous quench. We discuss the implications of our results for the proper Neumann model in which the spherical constraint is imposed strictly.
We analyze dynamical large deviations of quantum trajectories in Markovian open quantum systems in their full generality. We derive a quantum level-2.5 large deviation principle for these systems, which describes the joint fluctuations of time-averaged quantum jump rates and of the time-averaged quantum state for long times. Like its level-2.5 counterpart for classical continuous-time Markov chains (which it contains as a special case), this description is both explicit and complete, as the statistics of arbitrary time-extensive dynamical observables can be obtained by contraction from the explicit level-2.5 rate functional we derive. Our approach uses an unraveled representation of the quantum dynamics which allows these statistics to be obtained by analyzing a classical stochastic process in the space of pure states. For quantum reset processes we show that the unraveled dynamics is semi-Markovian and derive bounds on the asymptotic variance of the number of quantum jumps which generalize classical thermodynamic uncertainty relations. We finish by discussing how our level-2.5 approach can be used to study large deviations of nonlinear functions of the state, such as measures of entanglement.
We build and analytically calculate the Generalised Gibbs Ensemble partition function of the integrable Soft Neumann Model. This is the model of a classical particle which is constrained to move, on average over the initial conditions, on an N N dimensional sphere, and feels the effect of anisotropic harmonic potentials. We derive all relevant averaged static observables in the (thermodynamic) N\to\infty N → ∞ limit. We compare them to their long-term dynamic averages finding excellent agreement in all phases of a non-trivial phase diagram determined by the characteristics of the initial conditions and the amount of energy injected or extracted in an instantaneous quench. We discuss the implications of our results for the proper Neumann model in which the spherical constraint is imposed strictly.
A key goal of quantum chaos is to establish a relationship between widely observed universal spectral fluctuations of clean quantum systems and random matrix theory (RMT).Most prominent features of such RMT behavior with respect to a random spectrum, both encompassed in spectral pair correlation function, are statistical suppression of small level spacings (correlation hole) and enhanced stiffness of the spectrum at large spectral ranges.For single particle systems with fully chaotic classical counterparts, the problem has been partly solved by Berry [Proc.R. Soc.London, A400, 229 (1985)] within the so-called diagonal approximation of semiclassical periodic-orbit sums, while the derivation of the full RMT spectral form factor K(t) (Fourier transform of spectral pair correlation function), from semiclassics has been completed by Müller et al. [Phys.Rev. Lett.93, 014103 (2004)].In recent years, the questions of long-time dynamics at high energies, for which the full many-body energy spectrum becomes relevant, are coming at the forefront even for simple many-body quantum systems, such as locally interacting spin chains.Such systems display two universal types of behaviour which are termed as the 'many-body localized phase' and 'ergodic phase'.In the ergodic phase, the spectral fluctuations are excellently described by RMT, even for very simple interactions and in the absence of any external source of disorder.Here we provide a clear theoretical explanation for these observations.We compute K(t) in the leading two orders in t and show its agreement with RMT for non-integrable, time-reversal invariant many-body systems without classical counterparts, a generic example of which are Ising spin 1/2 models in a periodically kicking transverse field.In particular, we relate K(t) to partition functions of a class of twisted classical Ising models on a ring of size t, hence the leading order RMT behavior K(t)2t is a consequence of translation and reflection symmetry of the Ising partition function.