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arXiv:2603.29099

Scalable phonon-laser arrays with self-organized synchronization

Hugo Molinares, Guillermo Romero, Victor Montenegro, Vitalie Eremeev

quant-phSubmitted Mar 31, 2026• Announced Apr 1, 2026
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum mechanical oscillators operating at frequencies up to the GHz regime have been predicted to support phonon lasing -- self-sustained coherent vibrational motion emerging when the effective gain exceeds intrinsic losses. Current phonon-laser proposals face two key limitations, namely: they lack scalability and rely on coupling all oscillators to a common field, which significantly restricts flexibility and prevents selective, on-demand phonon lasing at specific locations. Given that numerous applications and theoretical insights naturally emerge from scalable many-body systems, addressing these limitations is timely. In this Letter, we demonstrate how scalable arrays of individually addressable phonon lasers can be generated through local driving in a quantum many-body Ising-like spin chain. We rigorously establish the resonance conditions under which mechanical oscillators transition from thermal motion to sustained coherent self-oscillation. Unlike previous approaches that rely on a common coupling bus, our proposal employs purely local driving, resulting in an inherently modular and scalable architecture ideally suited for integration into large-scale quantum systems. Additionally, our approach enables on-demand lasing of individual mechanical oscillators at specific sites by simply switching the spin-mechanical coupling interaction on and off, provided specific resonance conditions are satisfied. Notably, our phonon laser array is robust against resonance mismatches and naturally exhibits both pairwise self-organized synchronization and global phase locking near resonance. Finally, we outline an experimental implementation within current experimental capabilities.

Journal reference
Phys. Rev. B 114, 024310 (2026)
DOI
10.1103/knn8-bkn3
Comments
16 pages, 6 figures (SM included). We greatly value feedback, as it provides essential guidance for improving and deepening the quality of our work

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Quantum mechanical oscillators operating at frequencies up to the GHz regime have been predicted to support phonon lasing -- self-sustained coherent vibrational motion emerging when the effective gain exceeds intrinsic losses. Current phonon-laser proposals face two key limitations, namely: they lack scalability and rely on coupling all oscillators to a common field, which significantly restricts flexibility and prevents selective, on-demand phonon lasing at specific locations. Given that numerous applications and theoretical insights naturally emerge from scalable many-body systems, addressing these limitations is timely. In this Letter, we demonstrate how scalable arrays of individually addressable phonon lasers can be generated through local driving in a quantum many-body Ising-like spin chain. We rigorously establish the resonance conditions under which mechanical oscillators transition from thermal motion to sustained coherent self-oscillation. Unlike previous approaches that rely on a common coupling bus, our proposal employs purely local driving, resulting in an inherently modular and scalable architecture ideally suited for integration into large-scale quantum systems. Additionally, our approach enables on-demand lasing of individual mechanical oscillators at specific sites by simply switching the spin-mechanical coupling interaction on and off, provided specific resonance conditions are satisfied. Notably, our phonon laser array is robust against resonance mismatches and naturally exhibits both pairwise self-organized synchronization and global phase locking near resonance. Finally, we outline an experimental implementation within current experimental capabilities.
We present a theoretical model for realizing squeezed lasing in a trapped-ion system without relying on engineered baths or tailored dissipative reservoirs. Our approach leverages the intrinsic ion-phonon interactions, where two trapped ions, each interacting with a shared vibrational mode, are driven on both red- and blue-sideband transitions. This enables the creation of a squeezed state of motion through the dynamic coupling between the ions' internal states and the phonon mode. Unlike traditional methods that require bath engineering, our model demonstrates that squeezed lasing can be achieved through a direct manipulation of ion-phonon interactions, with no external reservoirs required. We explore the steady-state behavior of the system, analyzing the onset of lasing, gain-loss balance, and the role of the squeezing parameter in shaping the phonon field's statistical properties. Furthermore, we show how external coherent drives can stabilize phase coherence and achieve controlled quadrature squeezing, offering a simple yet effective method for achieving squeezed lasing in quantum mechanical systems. Our findings provide new insights into the realization of squeezed states in phonon-based systems, with potential applications in quantum metrology and information processing.
We demonstrate a trapped-ion system with two competing dissipation channels, implemented independently on two ion species cotrapped in a Paul trap. By controlling coherent spin-oscillator couplings and optical pumping rates we explore the phase diagram of this system, which exhibits a regime analogous to that of a (phonon) laser but operates close to the quantum ground state with an average phonon number of n[over ¯]<10. We demonstrate phase locking of the oscillator to an additional resonant drive, and also observe the phase diffusion of the resulting state under dissipation by reconstructing the quantum state from a measurement of the characteristic function.
Many-body localization, which prevents a many-body quantum systems from reaching thermal equilibrium has opened the possibility to study out-of-equilibrium dynamics of isolated quantum systems, leading to new phases of matter such as the discrete time crystal. However, little is known about these effects when the quantum many-body system is coupled to an external environment. An intuitive assumption is that out-of-equilibrium dynamics and quantum coherences would not survive due to thermalization with external degrees of freedom. The present work focuses on open quantum many-body systems and aims at the question how an external reservoir can preserve such out-of-equilibrium effects. In the first part, common generic reservoirs are assumed to focus on many-body effects of the systems of interest. As a first many-body system, an optically driven many-emitter phonon laser is investigated. The full quantum mechanical treatment reveals additional resonances caused by collective effects of the many-emitter setup. Optically addressing these resonances results in an enhancement of phonon intensities within the acoustic cavity. The Heisenberg spin-chain has achieved the role of a standard model to study many-body localization. As a second many-body system, the model is generalized to an open quantum system via boundary reservoirs which are driving the system out-of equilibrium and a spin-current is induced. When driven far from equilibrium, the transport is very much dependent on the external reservoirs. In contrast, it is demonstrated that a setup with long-range coupling between the spins shows transport behavior independent of the external environment. In the second part of this work, the coupling to the reservoir is structured by assuming a boundary condition. Experimentally this is achieved by placing a distant mirror close to the system. A common Born-Markov approximation leading to factorizing system and reservoir states is insufficient to describe these feedback dynamics. In this work, an approach is used to treat the reservoir states as part of the many-body system which is based on matrix product states using the quantum stochastic Schrödinger equation. Focusing on the reservoir statistics of a single two-level system, it is demonstrated that by combining time-dependent optical excitation with time-delayed feedback via structuring the reservoir, individual photon probabilities are controlled by changing external degrees of freedom. Finally, this method is generalized to a many-body system including a coupling to an external reservoir beyond Born-Markov approximation. It is shown that feedback dynamics stabilize a discrete time crystal against dissipation to the environment. Out-of-equilibrium dynamics and many-body localization of the discrete time crystal survive for long times even in the presence of an external environment and become independent of the coupling to the reservoir. The developed method benefits from small entanglement entropy of the many-body localized system as well as from a suppression of entanglement between system and reservoir due to the feedback dynamics. This allows to consider up to forty spins with individual structured reservoirs in a numerically exact manner.
We demonstrate a trapped-ion system with engineered competing dissipation channels, implemented independently on two ion species co-trapped in a Paul trap. We use control of the spin-oscillator couplings via motional sideband drives and engineered decay rates via optical pumping to explore the phase diagram of this system, which is analogous to that of a (phonon) laser. Reconstruction of the phonon distribution via the readout of the motional sideband oscillation allows us to show the phase transition from a dark to the bright and coherent lasing phase. In contrast to earlier work [1] our laser works close to the quantum ground state with average phonon numbers below ten. In the lasing phase, we demonstrate phase locking of the oscillator to an additional resonant drive. We use readout of the characteristic function [2] to show symmetry breaking of the Wigner function when locked. We also observe the intrinsic phase diffusion of the lasing process starting from a displaced coherent state. The readout of the characteristic function once again shows washing out of the initial asymmetry. The toolbox of techniques is extensible to squeezed laser systems through the use of additional laser drives, is predicted to offer advantages in sensing [3], and provides methods for the general use of the mixed-ion-species platform in the simulation of dissipative spin-boson systems.
We propose a general Floquet-engineered scheme for squeezed phonon lasing that enables a continuous crossover from conventional phase-diffused phonon lasing to phase-locked squeezed phonon lasing. Our system consists of two pairs of periodically driven spins--a primary pair and an ancilla pair--coupled to a single mechanical mode. While the underlying mechanism applies generally to such spin-mechanical systems, we focus on a solid-state implementation based on color centers embedded in a circular hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) membrane. We show that the primary spins provide mechanical gain, whereas the ancilla pair engineer a dissipative channel for the Bogoliubov mode, thereby stabilizing robust steady-state squeezed phonon lasing. We support these findings through a comprehensive steady-state analysis of the lasing threshold, mechanical occupation, emission spectrum, and second-order correlations. Remarkably, we demonstrate that Floquet engineering intrinsically induces phase locking while enabling controllable quadrature squeezing, providing a simple and versatile route toward squeezed lasing in solid-state spin-mechanical platforms.
In a sequence of single spins interacting longitudinally with a mechanical oscillator, and using the micromaser model with random injection, we show that after an appropriate postselection of each spin, a phonon laser analog with Poisson statistics is created with nearly perfect coherence, evidenced by the second order coherence function that goes asymptotically to one. The nonlinear gain of the system depends crucially on the properly postselected spin state as well as the pump. Our model and results suggest that the mechanism of interaction followed by a postselected state or partial trace (common in laser and maser theory) of the spins may create the coherent vibrational radiation. However, for situations where the mechanical losses are high and it is impossible to decrease these, then the heralded postselection can be the only resource to get phonon lasing if compared to the partial trace operation. These ideas and results may be useful for further theoretical and technical developments.