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arXiv:2603.18371

Alice and Bob through a quantum mirror

M. Uria, C. Hermann-Avigliano, P. Solano, A. Delgado

quant-phphysics.atom-phphysics.opticsSubmitted Mar 19, 2026• Announced Mar 20, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

A quantum mirror is a device whose optical response, that is, transmission and reflection, can be controlled by a single qubit. Here, we propose the use of quantum mirrors as nodes in quantum networks. Propagating coherent states mediate the interaction between the control qubits of each quantum mirror. This allows implementing quantum teleportation, quantum state transfer, and entanglement swapping with success probability and average fidelity exponentially approaching unity as the average photon number increases. Furthermore, we show that quantum teleportation exhibits robustness against known sources of error, such as optical path phase difference, photon loss, and reduced quantum mirror reflectivity, presenting a promising alternative towards long-distance quantum communication.

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A quantum mirror is a device whose optical response, that is, transmission and reflection, can be controlled by a single qubit. Here, we propose the use of quantum mirrors as nodes in quantum networks. Propagating coherent states mediate the interaction between the control qubits of each quantum mirror. This allows implementing quantum teleportation, quantum state transfer, and entanglement swapping with success probability and average fidelity exponentially approaching unity as the average photon number increases. Furthermore, we show that quantum teleportation exhibits robustness against known sources of error, such as optical path phase difference, photon loss, and reduced quantum mirror reflectivity, presenting a promising alternative towards long-distance quantum communication.
Abstract The transmission of quantum states over extended distances is constrained by photon losses, ruling out direct amplification akin to classical telecommunications due to the non-cloning theorem. Overcoming this challenge involves implementing quantum repeater protocols that leverage entanglement swapping to create long-distance entanglement from shorter distances. A novel multi-hop quantum teleportation scheme, blending concepts from quantum repeaters and teleportation, is under exploration. It aims to transfer arbitrary two-qubit states between two distant parties, even in the absence of a direct quantum channel. Intermediate nodes, connected via a four-qubit entangled cluster state as quantum channels, are introduced based on a more general routing protocol. Bell measurements are independently conducted by the source node (Alice) and all intermediate nodes, with simultaneous transmission of measurement results, significantly reducing time consumption. Determining the quantum state from Bell measurement results requires only the destination node (Bob) for a simple unitary transformation. Moreover, this protocol holds promise for implementation on the IBM Quantum Experience platform once the requisite quantum circuits are designed. This overview encompasses both the theoretical and simulated status of the proposed scheme, with simulated findings incorporated into quantum state tomography to verify the accuracy of the transmitted quantum state.
The problem of long-distance teleportation of single-atom qubits via a common photonic channel is examined within the framework of a Mach-Zender optical interferometer. As expected, when a coherent state is used as input, a high-finesse optical cavity is required to overcome sensitivity to spontaneous emission. However, we find that a number-squeezed light field in a twin-Fock state can in principle create useful entanglement without cavity-enhancement. Both approaches require single photon counting detectors, and best results are obtained by combining cavity-feedback with twin-fock inputs. Such an approach may allow a fidelity of .99.99.99 using a two-photon input and currently available mirror and detector technology. In addition, the present approach can be conveniently extended to generate multi-site entanglement and entanglement swapping, both of which are necessities in quantum networks.
Abstract Future quantum internet applications will derive their power from the ability to share quantum information across the network1,2. Quantum teleportation allows for the reliable transfer of quantum information between distant nodes, even in the presence of highly lossy network connections3. Although many experimental demonstrations have been performed on different quantum network platforms4–10, moving beyond directly connected nodes has, so far, been hindered by the demanding requirements on the pre-shared remote entanglement, joint qubit readout and coherence times. Here we realize quantum teleportation between remote, non-neighbouring nodes in a quantum network. The network uses three optically connected nodes based on solid-state spin qubits. The teleporter is prepared by establishing remote entanglement on the two links, followed by entanglement swapping on the middle node and storage in a memory qubit. We demonstrate that, once successful preparation of the teleporter is heralded, arbitrary qubit states can be teleported with fidelity above the classical bound, even with unit efficiency. These results are enabled by key innovations in the qubit readout procedure, active memory qubit protection during entanglement generation and tailored heralding that reduces remote entanglement infidelities. Our work demonstrates a prime building block for future quantum networks and opens the door to exploring teleportation-based multi-node protocols and applications2,11–13.
Quantum teleportation and quantum memory are two crucial elements for large-scale quantum networks. With the help of prior distributed entanglement as a "quantum channel," quantum teleportation provides an intriguing means to faithfully transfer quantum states among distant locations without actual transmission of the physical carriers [Bennett CH, et al. (1993) Phys Rev Lett 70(13):1895-1899]. Quantum memory enables controlled storage and retrieval of fast-flying photonic quantum bits with stationary matter systems, which is essential to achieve the scalability required for large-scale quantum networks. Combining these two capabilities, here we realize quantum teleportation between two remote atomic-ensemble quantum memory nodes, each composed of ∼10(8) rubidium atoms and connected by a 150-m optical fiber. The spin wave state of one atomic ensemble is mapped to a propagating photon and subjected to Bell state measurements with another single photon that is entangled with the spin wave state of the other ensemble. Two-photon detection events herald the success of teleportation with an average fidelity of 88(7)%. Besides its fundamental interest as a teleportation between two remote macroscopic objects, our technique may be useful for quantum information transfer between different nodes in quantum networks and distributed quantum computing.
In the practical context of quantum networks, the most reliable method of transmitting quantum information is via teleportation because quantum states are highly sensitive. However, teleportation consumes a shared maximally entangled state. Two parties Alice and Bob located at separate nodes that wish to reestablish their shared entanglement will not send entangled qubits directly to achieve this goal, but rather employ a more efficient mechanism that ensures minimal time resources. In this paper, we present a quantum routing scheme that exploits entanglement swapping to reestablish consumed entanglement. It improves and generalizes previous work on the subject and reduces the entanglement distribution time by a factor of 4 k in an arbitrary scale quantum network, where N = 4 k - 1 is a required number of quantum nodes located between source and destination. In addition, k is the greatest positive integer considered by Alice or Bob, such that afterwards they choose N quantum switches.
A quantum teleportation over long distances is reported. Alice's unknown quantum state carried by a 1300 nm photon is teleported onto Bob's 1550 nm photon. Bob is situated in another lab connected with the EPR source by 2 km of optical fibres and at a physical distance of 55 m. The Bell state measurement is performed between two photons that travelled through 2 km of optical fibres each. This is a simulation of a transmission of a quantum state over 6 km using quantum teleportation which is the principle of a quantum relay protocol. A fidelity of 77% is obtained which is higher than the fidelity obtained with the best protocol using not entangled particles.