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arXiv:2602.17306

Near-perfect quantum teleportation between continuous and discrete encodings

Ravi Kamal Pandey, Shraddha Singh, Dhiraj Yadav, Devendra Kumar Mishra

quant-phSubmitted Feb 19, 2026• Announced Feb 20, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum teleportation between polarized single-photon and phase-opposite coherent states is studied using a hybrid entangled resource and entangled coherent states. The polarized single-photon qubit represents a discrete-variable (DV) quantum system, whereas the phase-opposite coherent-state qubit constitutes a continuous-variable (CV) system. While teleportation from CV to DV can be achieved with near-unit success probability, the reverse process is usually limited to a maximum success probability of $1/2$. We demonstrate that, by employing cross-Kerr nonlinearity together with passive linear optical components such as polarizing beam splitters, beam splitters, and phase shifters, almost perfect teleportation from DV to CV encodings can also be achieved.

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10 pages, 2 figures, 1 table

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Abstract Quantum teleportation of an unknown state basing on the interaction between discrete-valued states (DV) and continuous-valued states (CV) presented a particular challenge in quantum technologies. Here we consider the problem of controlled quantum teleportation of an amplitude-matched CV qubit, encoded by a coherent state of a varied phase as a superposition of the vacuum- and single-photon optical states among two distant partners Alice and Bob, with the consent of controller, Charlie. To achieve this task, we use an hybrid tripartite entangled state (interaction between the discrete and continuous variables states) as the quantum resource where the coherent part belongs to Alice, while the single-photon belongs to Bob and Charlie and the CV qubit is at the disposal of Alice. The discrete-continuous interaction is realized on highly transmissive beam-splitter. We have shown that the perfectly of teleportation fidelity depends on the phase difference between the phase of the state to teleport and the phase of the sender’s mode, we found that for a difference which approaches 0 or π , near perfect controlled quantum teleportation can be obtained in terms of the fidelity and independently of the amplitude α and the squeezing parameter ζ . Experimentally, this proposed scheme has been implemented using linear optical components such as beam splitter, phase shifters and photon counters.
In optical quantum information, one can distinguish two approaches: the discrete-variable (DV), involving single photons, for example c0|0〉 + c1|1〉, and the continuous-variable alternative (CV) encoding information into the quadrature components of the light field. In this CV approach, qubits can be implemented as superposition of coherent states of opposite phases, |cat ±〉 = |α〉 ± |−α〉, also called optical Schrodinger cat states. Combining these two approaches has recently led to a so-called optical hybrid quantum information aiming at merging the properties of both [1]. As both encodings have their own advantages and drawbacks, transferring information between them is a requirement which can be fulfill by teleportation using hybrid entanglement between particle-like qubits and wave-like qubits, i.e. entanglement of the form |0〉|α〉 + |1〉|−α〉.
Quantum teleportation is a fundamental ingredient for quantum information science and technology. In particular, the ability to perform quantum teleportation between quantum systems with different natures and encoding types is crucial for building complex systems, such as a distributed quantum internet. Here we propose a scheme to teleport a continuous-variable optical qubit, encoded in an optical qumode by means of a superposed coherent state, onto a discrete-variable solid-state qubit, associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy-center spin in diamond, via hybrid entanglement. By using a newly developed method for Bell-state measurement which relies only on light homodyne detection and spin-polarization measurement, near-deterministic and -perfect quantum teleportation can be achieved for large coherent-state amplitude input. Taking noise effects into account, we find that the average teleportation fidelity can still exceed the classical limit, enabling substantial teleportation distances under realistic experimental conditions.
We experimentally realize "hybrid" entanglement swapping between discrete-variable (DV) and continuous-variable (CV) optical systems. DV two-mode entanglement as obtainable from a single photon split at a beam splitter is robustly transferred by means of efficient CV entanglement and operations, using sources of squeezed light and homodyne detections. The DV entanglement after the swapping is verified without postselection by the logarithmic negativity of up to 0.28±0.01. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the optimally transferred state can be postselected into a highly entangled state that violates a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality by more than 4 standard deviations, and thus it may serve as a resource for quantum teleportation and quantum cryptography.
The transfer of quantum information between physical systems of a different nature is a central matter in quantum technologies. Particularly challenging is the transfer between discrete and continuous degrees of freedom of various harmonic oscillator systems. Here we implement a protocol for teleporting a continuous-variable optical qubit, encoded by means of low-amplitude coherent states, onto a discrete-variable, single-rail qubit-a superposition of the vacuum and single-photon optical states-via a hybrid entangled resource. We test our protocol on a one-dimensional manifold of the input qubit space and demonstrate the mapping onto the equator of the teleported qubit's Bloch sphere with an average fidelity of 0.83±0.04. Our work opens up the way to the wide application of quantum information processing techniques where discrete- and continuous-variable encodings are combined within the same optical circuit.
Quantum teleportation, a transfer protocol of quantum states, is the essence of many sophisticated quantum information protocols. There have been two complementary approaches to optical quantum teleportation: discrete variables (DVs) and continuous variables (CVs). However, both approaches have pros and cons. Here we take a “hybrid” approach to overcome the current limitations: CV quantum teleportation of DVs. This approach enabled the first realization of deterministic quantum teleportation of photonic qubits without post-selection. We also applied the hybrid scheme to several experiments, including entanglement swapping between DVs and CVs, conditional CV teleportation of single photons, and CV teleportation of qutrits. We are now aiming at universal, scalable, and fault-tolerant quantum computing based on these hybrid technologies.