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arXiv:2602.11276

Bosonic statistics enhance Maxwell's demon in photonic experiment

Malaquias Correa Anguita, Sara Marzban, William F. Braasch, Twesh Upadhyaya, Gabriel Landi, Nicole Yunger Halpern, Jelmer J. Renema

quant-phphysics.opticsSubmitted Feb 11, 2026• Announced Feb 13, 2026• 0 citations

Abstract

Maxwell's demon elucidates the value of information in thermodynamics, using measurement and feedback: he evolves an equilibrated gas into a nonequilibrium state, from which one might extract work. The demon can evolve the system farther from equilibrium, on average, if the particles obey Bose-Einstein statistics than if they are distinguishable. We experimentally support this decade-and-a-half-old prediction by comparing indistinguishable with distinguishable photons. We use a fully programmable linear-optics platform, whose local photon statistics were shown recently to behave thermally. Our demon nondestructively measures the number of photons in a subset of the modes. Guided by the outcome, he conditionally interchanges the measured and unmeasured modes. This interchange creates a positive temperature difference between a mode in a particular subset and a mode in the other. The temperature difference is greater, on average, if the photons are indistinguishable. This result bolsters a long-standing prediction about the interplay among thermodynamics, information, and quantum particle statistics. Additionally, this work suggests a thermodynamic means of weakly validating boson-sampling platforms.

Comments: 4.5 pages (3 figures) + appendices (10.5 pages / 3 figures / 2 tables)

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