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arXiv:2511.10061

Enantiodetection in a cavity QED setup with finite chiral molecules

Xiang Guo, Xiaojun Zhang, Yong Li, Zhihai Wang

quant-phSubmitted Nov 13, 2025• Announced Nov 14, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

We investigate enantiodetection for both a single cyclic three-level chiral molecule and finite ensembles of such molecules by monitoring the steady-state intracavity photon number in a cavity-QED platform. Our scheme exploits the intrinsic global $π$-phase difference between opposite enantiomers to engineer destructive and/or constructive interference pathways, enabling a direct readout of enantiomeric excess with an error below $5\%$. To capture mesoscopic many-molecule effects beyond mean field while avoiding brute-force master-equation simulations, we employ a generalized discrete truncated Wigner approximation, which is well suited for systems with many yet finite molecules. These results pave the way for implementing enantiodetection in realistic quantum-optical settings.

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We investigate enantiodetection for both a single cyclic three-level chiral molecule and finite ensembles of such molecules by monitoring the steady-state intracavity photon number in a cavity-QED platform. Our scheme exploits the intrinsic global πππ-phase difference between opposite enantiomers to engineer destructive and/or constructive interference pathways, enabling a direct readout of enantiomeric excess with an error below 5%5\%5%. To capture mesoscopic many-molecule effects beyond mean field while avoiding brute-force master-equation simulations, we employ a generalized discrete truncated Wigner approximation, which is well suited for systems with many yet finite molecules. These results pave the way for implementing enantiodetection in realistic quantum-optical settings.
We propose an enantiodetection method of chiral molecules in a cavity with an external drive. The chiral molecules are coupled with a quantized cavity field and two classical light fields to form the cyclic three-level systems. The chirality-dependent cavity-assisted three-photon process in the three-level systems leads to the generation of intracavity photons. Simultaneously, the drive field also results in a chirality-independent process of the generation of intracavity photons. Based on the interference between the intracavity photons generated from these two processes, one can detect the enantiomeric excess of chiral mixture via monitoring the transmission rate of the drive field. It is also shown that our method can work in the single-molecule weak-coupling region and in the absence of additional enantiopure samples. These advantages make it offer promising applications in enantiodetection of chiral molecules.
We propose a theoretical method for enantio-discrimination of chiral molecules based on a cavity-molecules system, which consists of a cavity without external driving and an ensemble of chiral mixture (containing left- and right- handed molecules) confined in the cavity. The molecules in the chiral mixture are modeled as cyclic three-level models coupled with the quantized cavity field and two classical light fields. Via the cavity-assisted three-photon process based on the cyclic three-level model, the intracavity photons are generated continuously though there is no external driving to the cavity, and the fields of the photons generated from the the left- and right- handed molecules differ with the phase difference \pi. This provides a potential way to detect the enantiomeric excess of chiral mixture by monitoring the output field of the cavity.
We propose a method for enantio-detection of chiral molecules based on a cavity-molecule system, where the left- and right-handed molecules are coupled with a cavity and two classical light fields to form cyclic three-level models. Via the cavity-assisted three-photon processes based on the cyclic three-level model, photons are generated continuously in the cavity even in the absence of external driving to the cavity. However, the photonic fields generated from the three-photon processes of left- and right-handed molecules differ with the phase difference π according to the inherent properties of electric-dipole transition moments of enantiomers. This provides a potential way to detect the enantiomeric excess of chiral mixture by monitoring the output field of the cavity.
Developing effective methods to measure the enantiomeric excess of the chiral mixture is one of the major topics in chiral molecular researches, yet remains challenging. Enantiodetection method via two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy based on a four level model, containing a cyclic three-level system (CTLS), of chiral molecules was recently proposed and demonstrated, yet with a strict condition of the one-photon resonance (where three driving fields are exactly resonantly coupled to the three electric-dipole transitions, respectively) in the CTLS and narrowband probe pulse assumption. Here, we extend the 2D spectroscopy method to more general experimental conditions, with three-photon resonance (where the sum of the two smaller frequencies among the three driving fields equals to the third one) and broadband probe pulse. Our method remains effective on enantiodetection with the help of experimental techniques, such as the chop detection method, which is used to eliminate the influence of the other redundant levels existing in the real system of chiral molecules. Under these more general conditions, the enantiomeric excess of the chiral mixture is estimated by taking an easily available standard sample (usually the racemic mixture) as the reference.
Developing effective methods to measure the enantiomeric excess of chiral mixtures is one of the major topics in chiral molecular research but remains challenging. An enantiodetection method via two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy based on a four-level model containing a cyclic three-level system (CTLS) of chiral molecules was recently proposed and demonstrated, but with a strict condition of one-photon resonance (where three driving fields are exactly resonantly coupled to the three electric dipole transitions) in the CTLS and narrow-band probe-pulse assumption. Here, we extend the 2D spectroscopy method to more general experimental conditions, with three-photon resonance (where the sum of the two smaller frequencies among the three driving fields equals the third one) and a broadband probe pulse. Our method remains effective on enantiodetection with the help of experimental techniques such as the chop-detection method, which is used to eliminate the influence of the other redundant levels that exist in the real system of chiral molecules. Under these more general conditions, the enantiomeric excess of the chiral mixture is estimated by taking an easily available standard sample (usually the racemic mixture) as the reference.
Using a microwave-regime cyclic three-state configuration, enantiomer-selective state transfer (ESST) is carried out through two-path interference between a direct one-photon coupling and an effective two-photon coupling. A phase difference of $\ensuremath{\pi}$ in the one-photon process between the two enantiomers makes the interference constructive for one enantiomer but destructive for the other. Therefore only one enantiomer is excited into a higher rotational state, while the other remains in the ground state. The scheme allows flexibility in the pulse waveforms and the time order of the two paths. We simulate the scheme for a sample of cyclohexylmethanol (C7H14O{\mathrm{C}}_{7}{\mathrm{H}}_{14}\mathrm{O}C7​H14​O) molecules. The simulation results show that robust high-fidelity ESST can be obtained when experimental concerns are considered. Finally, we propose to employ the ESST scheme to implement enantioseparation and determine enantiomeric excesses.