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arXiv:2511.02307

Dirac delta-convergence of free-motion time-of-arrival eigenfunctions

John Jaykel P. Magadan, Eric A. Galapon

quant-phSubmitted Nov 4, 2025• Announced Nov 5, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

Previous numerical analyses on the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) operator representing the quantum time-of-arrival (TOA) observable for the free particle have indicated that its eigenfunctions represent quantum states with definite arrival time at the arrival point. In this paper, we give the mathematical proof that this is indeed the case. An essential element of this proof is the consideration of the eigenfunctions of the AB operator with complex eigenvalues. These eigenfunctions can be considered legitimate TOA eigenfunctions because they evolve unitarily to collapse at the arrival point at the time equal to the real part of their eigenvalue. We show that the time-evolved TOA position probability density distribution evaluated at the time equal to the real part of the eigenvalue forms a dirac delta sequence in the limit as the imaginary part of the eigenvalue approaches zero.

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Previous numerical analyses on the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) operator representing the quantum time-of-arrival (TOA) observable for the free particle have indicated that its eigenfunctions represent quantum states with definite arrival time at the arrival point. In this paper, we give the mathematical proof that this is indeed the case. An essential element of this proof is the consideration of the eigenfunctions of the AB operator with complex eigenvalues. These eigenfunctions can be considered legitimate TOA eigenfunctions because they evolve unitarily to collapse at the arrival point at the time equal to the real part of their eigenvalue. We show that the time-evolved TOA position probability density distribution evaluated at the time equal to the real part of the eigenvalue forms a dirac delta sequence in the limit as the imaginary part of the eigenvalue approaches zero.
We give full account of our recent report in E. A. Galapon, R. Caballar, and R. Bahague, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 180406 (2004), where it is shown that formulating the free quantum time of arrival problem in a segment of the real line suggests rephrasing the quantum time of arrival problem to finding a complete set of states that evolve to unitarily arrive at a given point at a definite time. For a spatially confined particle, here it is shown explicitly that the problem admits a solution in the form of an eigenvalue problem of a class of compact and self-adjoint time of arrival operators derived by a quantization of the classical time of arrival. The eigenfunctions of these operators are numerically demonstrated to unitarily arrive at the origin at their respective eigenvalues.
We show that formulating the quantum time of arrival problem in a segment of the real line suggests rephrasing the quantum time of arrival problem to finding states that evolve to unitarily collapse at a given point at a definite time. For the spatially confined particle, we show that the problem admits a solution in the form of an eigenvalue problem of a compact and self-adjoint time of arrival operator derived by a quantization of the classical time of arrival, which is canonically conjugate with the Hamiltonian in a closed subspace of the Hilbert space.
The properties of the time-of-arrival operator for free motion introduced by Aharonov and Bohm [Phys. Rev. 122, 1649 (1961)] and of its self-adjoint variants are studied. The domains of applicability of the different approaches are clarified. It is shown that the arrival time of the eigenfunctions is not sharply defined. However, strongly peaked real-space (normalized) wave packets constructed with narrow Gaussian envelopes centered on one of the eigenfunctions provide an arbitrarily sharp arrival time.
We show that the Kijowski distribution for time of arrivals in the entire real line is the limiting distribution of the time-of-arrival distribution in a confining box as its length increases to infinity. The dynamics of the confined time-of-arrival eigenfunctions is also numerically investigated and demonstrated that the eigenfunctions evolve to have point supports at the arrival point at their respective eigenvalues in the limit of arbitrarily large confining lengths, giving insight into the ideal physical content of the Kijowsky distribution.
Born-Jordan quantization is used to obtain the time of arrival operator for the generalized potential. Specifically, the time kernel for the harmonic oscillator potential is calculated and the corresponding eigenfunction and eigenvalues are obtained. One of the eigenfunctions is made to evolve through time using the Schroedinger's equation. The time evolution of the wave function leads to its collapse on the arrival point at the time of arrival. This implies that Born - Jordan quantization gives a legitimate time of arrival operator for harmonic potential.
The constructions of two classes of self-adjoint and compact first time of arrival operators for confined systems under arbitrary, everywhere continuous potential are detailed, extending in the interacting case the concept of confined quantum time of arrival operators first developed for the free particle. One class is the quantized confined time of arrival operators and another is the class of algebra preserving confined time of arrival operators. The former is the projection of the quantization of the classical time of arrival, and is constructed by solving the quantization problem of the multiple-valued and non-everywhere-real-valued classical time of arrival for arbitrary potential. The later arises to address the nonconjugacy with the Hamiltonian of the entire class of the quantized confined time of arrival operators, and is constructed by solving the obstruction to quantization present in Euclidean space. These two sets of operators coincide for linear systems; but differ for nonlinear systems, with the former as the leading term of the latter. The confined time of arrival operators for potentials representative of linear and nonlinear systems are numerically investigated and demonstrated to have the same dynamical behaviors as those of the free confined time of arrival operators. In particular, the eigenfunctions evolve according to Schrödinger equation such that the corresponding probabilities of locating the quantum particle in the neighborhood of the arrival point are maximum at their respective eigenvalues.