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arXiv:2511.00483

Lost and found charge in quantum batteries

Sarkar, Debanjan Dey, Mondal, Mallika, Preeti Parashar, Tamal Guha

Published Nov 1, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum batteries are prone to losing their stored charge, when interacting with a thermal environment. However, getting a limited assistance from the thermal environment, is it possible to recover the charge back, in a reusable form? Here, we answer this question, by involving an assistance of a suitable measurement performed on the environment. This framework resembles the structure of quantum instruments in the thermodynamic scenario. Our proposed framework involves two different kind of assistance from thermal environment - one by accessing only the thermal particle, actively participating in the interaction, providing a weak retrieval of charge, while the other involves local assistance from an additional quantum system purifying the thermal environment, resulting in the strong retrieval of the lost charges. By setting the upper-bound on the amount of charges retrieved in each of these two situations, we report that their difference characterizes the amount of entanglement generated between the quantum battery and the reference system due to the thermal interaction. Finally, we exemplify the extreme instances of the difference between the weak and the strongly retrieved charges for qubit batteries.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2511.00483

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Quantum batteries are prone to losing their stored charge, when interacting with a thermal environment. However, getting a limited assistance from the thermal environment, is it possible to recover the charge back, in a reusable form? Here, we answer this question, by involving an assistance of a suitable measurement performed on the environment. This framework resembles the structure of quantum instruments in the thermodynamic scenario. Our proposed framework involves two different kind of assistance from thermal environment - one by accessing only the thermal particle, actively participating in the interaction, providing a weak retrieval of charge, while the other involves local assistance from an additional quantum system purifying the thermal environment, resulting in the strong retrieval of the lost charges. By setting the upper-bound on the amount of charges retrieved in each of these two situations, we report that their difference characterizes the amount of entanglement generated between the quantum battery and the reference system due to the thermal interaction. Finally, we exemplify the extreme instances of the difference between the weak and the strongly retrieved charges for qubit batteries.
We study the charging process of open quantum batteries mediated by a common dissipative environment in two different scenarios. In the first case, we consider a quantum charger-battery model in the presence of a non-Markovian environment, where the battery can be properly charged in a strong coupling regime, without any external power and any direct interaction with the charger, i.e., a wireless-like charging happens. The environment plays a major role in the charging of the battery, while this does not happen in a weak coupling regime. In the second scenario, we show the effect of individual and collective spontaneous emission rates on the charging process of quantum batteries by considering a two-qubit system in the presence of Markovian dynamics. Our results demonstrate that open batteries can be satisfactorily charged in Markovian dynamics by employing an underdamped regime and/or strong external fields. We also present a robust battery by taking into account subradiant states and an intermediate regime. Moreover, we propose an experimental setup to explore the ergotropy in the first scenario.
In quantum mechanics, quantum batteries are devices that can store energy by utilizing the principles of quantum mechanics. While quantum batteries has been investigated largely theoretical, recent research indicates that it may be possible to implement such a device using existing technologies. The environment plays an important role in the charging of quantum batteries. If a strong coupling exists between the environment and the battery, then battery can be charged properly. It has also been demonstrated that quantum battery can be charged even in weak coupling regime just by choosing a suitable initial state for battery and charger. In this study, we investigate the charging process of open quantum batteries mediated by a common dissipative environment. We will consider a wireless-like charging scenario, where there is no external power and direct interaction between charger and battery. Moreover, we consider the case in which the battery and charger move inside the environment with a particular speed. Our results demonstrate that the movement of the quantum battery inside the environment has a negative effect on the performance of the quantum batteries during the charging process. It is also shown that the non-Markovian environment has a positive effect on improving battery performance.
Can collective quantum effects make a difference in a meaningful thermodynamic operation? Focusing on energy storage and batteries, we demonstrate that quantum mechanics can lead to an enhancement in the amount of work deposited per unit time, i.e., the charging power, when N batteries are charged collectively. We first derive analytic upper bounds for the collective quantum advantage in charging power for two choices of constraints on the charging Hamiltonian. We then demonstrate that even in the absence of quantum entanglement this advantage can be extensive. For our main result, we provide an upper bound to the achievable quantum advantage when the interaction order is restricted; i.e., at most k batteries are interacting. This constitutes a fundamental limit on the advantage offered by quantum technologies over their classical counterparts.
In this work, we investigate the autonomous charging process of a quantum battery coupled to a structured reservoir composed of two qubits, each locally coupled to its own bosonic thermal bath. Moreover, the reservoir interacts with a charger-battery architecture through three configurations: (I) direct coupling between reservoir qubits and battery; (II) collective coupling among the reservoir qubits, charger, and battery; and (III) a collective coupling between the reservoir qubits and charger together with a local charger-battery interaction. However, by using incoherent and coherent initial states, we analyze the stored energy, ergotropy, and charging power of the battery, and derive upper and lower bounds on the extractable work in terms of the free energy of coherence and the correlations exchanged between subsystems. Our results show that global and local coherences, as well as total correlations, act as quantum resources that enhance autonomous charging. Additionally, we demonstrate that the free energy stored in the quantum battery splits into contributions from coherence and correlations, providing numerical evidence that supports the derived ergotropy bounds. Importantly, this work highlights how structured reservoirs enable autonomous and resource-enhanced quantum battery operation.
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We investigate the charging dynamics and thermodynamic performance of a wireless quantum battery system mediated by a common structured bosonic environment. By employing a unified resource-theoretic analysis, we elucidate the distinct roles of non-Markovian memory effects and coupling symmetry in regulating energy transfer. In the Markovian weak-coupling regime, we identify a transformative mechanism where the dynamic reconstruction of l1l_1l1​-norm coherence compensates for the monotonic decay of first-order coherence to sustain energy transport. Conversely, the non-Markovian strong-coupling regime facilitates a cooperative resonance, characterized by the synchronized oscillation of entanglement and stored energy induced by environmental backflow. Furthermore, we reveal that coupling symmetry acts as a critical control parameter: while asymmetric coupling favoring the battery optimizes energy gain in memoryless environments, symmetric coupling under strong interactions unlocks a dark-state protection mechanism, effectively trapping energy within a decoherence-free subspace. Finally, a thermodynamic analysis based on ergotropy demonstrates that first-order coherence establishes the activation threshold for incoherent work, whereas l1l_1l1​-norm coherence serves as the explicit fuel for coherent work extraction. These findings provide a refined theoretical framework for engineering environment-assisted quantum energy storage devices.