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arXiv:2510.25996 · Physical Review A

Overcoming disorder in superconducting globally driven quantum computing

Riccardo Aiudi, Julien Despres, Roberto Menta, Ashkan Abedi, Guido Menichetti, Vittorio Giovannetti, Marco Polini, Francesco Caravelli

Published Dec 23, 2025• 1 citation
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Abstract

We study the impact of static disorder on a globally-controlled superconducting quantum computing architecture based on a quasi-two-dimensional ladder geometry [R. Menta et al., Phys. Rev. Research 7, L012065 (2025)]. Specifically, we examine how fabrication-induced inhomogeneities in qubit resonant frequencies and coupling strengths affect quantum state propagation and the fidelity of fundamental quantum operations. Using numerical simulations, we quantify the degradation in performance due to disorder and identify single-qubit rotations, two-qubit entangling gates, and quantum information transport as particularly susceptible. To address this challenge, we rely on pulse optimization schemes, and, in particular, on the GRAPE (Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering) algorithm. Our results demonstrate that, even for realistic levels of disorder, optimized pulse sequences can achieve high-fidelity operations, exceeding 99.9% for the three quantum operations, restoring reliable universal quantum logic and robust information flow. These findings highlight pulse optimization as a powerful strategy to enhance the resilience to disorder of solid-state globally-driven quantum computing platforms.

DOI
10.1103/zzzc-nqxd

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Data: Overcoming disorder in superconducting globally driven quantum computing

Planckian

Optimized pulses generated for overcoming quenched disorder in globally controlled quantum architectures. As an algorithm, we used the GRAPE routing from QuTip.

•Jan 8, 2026•1 citation
We study the impact of static disorder on a globally-controlled superconducting quantum computing architecture based on a quasi-two-dimensional ladder geometry [R. Menta et al., Phys. Rev. Research 7, L012065 (2025)]. Specifically, we examine how fabrication-induced inhomogeneities in qubit resonant frequencies and coupling strengths affect quantum state propagation and the fidelity of fundamental quantum operations. Using numerical simulations, we quantify the degradation in performance due to disorder and identify single-qubit rotations, two-qubit entangling gates, and quantum information transport as particularly susceptible. To address this challenge, we rely on pulse optimization schemes, and, in particular, on the GRAPE (Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering) algorithm. Our results demonstrate that, even for realistic levels of disorder, optimized pulse sequences can achieve high-fidelity operations, exceeding 99.9% for the three quantum operations, restoring reliable universal quantum logic and robust information flow. These findings highlight pulse optimization as a powerful strategy to enhance the resilience to disorder of solid-state globally-driven quantum computing platforms.
We show that global optimal control can drastically suppress the impact of decoherence in globally driven superconducting quantum computing architectures, taking as a prototype a recently proposed quasi-two-dimensional ladder geometry. Using a tensor-network-based approach, we quantify how amplitude-damping and dephasing channels degrade the flow of quantum information along the ladder and the fidelity of one- and two-qubit gate operations. We then demonstrate that shaping the global drive compresses the gate sequences by an order of magnitude in time, restoring high gate fidelities. We stress that this mitigation is far from trivial: in a globally driven processor, dissipation acts on every physical qubit---including those outside the logical register that sustain the surrounding ordered phases---so its impact cannot be suppressed by protecting an isolated subsystem, and is instead overcome purely through the temporal shaping of the global drive.
This study explores high-fidelity control methods for superconducting qubits, focusing on their potential applications in addressing technological challenges in Africa. We evaluate three pulse optimization techniques—Gaussian-shaped pulses, Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering (GRAPE), and Chopped Random-Basis (CRAB)—for achieving robust quantum gate operations. Through numerical simulations, CRAB emerges as the most balanced approach, delivering high fidelity (0.927) with moderate computational cost (9 seconds), while Gaussian pulses demonstrate superior noise resilience (1.000 fidelity under noise). These findings highlight the feasibility of adapting advanced quantum control methods for resource-constrained settings, with implications for quantum-enhanced solutions in African healthcare, agriculture, and logistics. The study underscores the need for localized quantum research infrastructure to bridge the global technological divide.
State-of-the-art single-qubit gates on superconducting transmon qubits can achieve the fidelities required for error-corrected computations. However, parameter fluctuations due to qubit instabilities, environmental changes, and control inaccuracies make it difficult to maintain this performance. To mitigate the effects of these parameter variations, we numerically derive gates robust to amplitude and frequency errors using gradient ascent pulse engineering (GRAPE). We analyze how fluctuations in qubit frequency, drive amplitude, and coherence affect gate performance over time. The robust pulses suppress coherent errors from drive amplitude drifts over 15 times more than a Gaussian pulse with derivative removal by adiabatic gate (DRAG) corrections. Furthermore, the robust gates, originally designed to compensate for quasi-static errors, also demonstrate resilience to stochastic, time-dependent noise, which is reflected in the dephasing time. They suppress added errors during increases in dephasing by up to 1.7 times more than DRAG.
This study investigates high-fidelity control methods for superconducting qubits, emphasizing their potential to address Africa’s unique technological challenges in healthcare, agriculture, and logistics. We systematically evaluate three pulse optimization techniques—Gaussian-shaped pulses, Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering (GRAPE), and Chopped Random-Basis (CRAB)—for robust quantum gate operations through numerical simulations. CRAB emerges as the most balanced method, achieving high fidelity (0.927) with moderate computational overhead (9 seconds per optimization), making it suitable for resource-constrained environments. Gaussian pulses, while less computationally efficient, demonstrate exceptional noise resilience (1.000 fidelity under simulated decoherence), critical for maintaining coherence in imperfect hardware. GRAPE, though theoretically optimal, proves less practical due to its high computational demand (≥30 seconds) and sensitivity to initial conditions. These results highlight the adaptability of advanced quantum control techniques to settings with limited infrastructure, provided they are tailored to local constraints. The study also identifies key implementation barriers, including the need for cryogenic facilities and specialized expertise, while proposing modular quantum research hubs as a scalable solution. By benchmarking these methods against real-world African technological priorities—such as drug discovery optimization, crop yield prediction, and supply chain logistics—we demonstrate how quantum-enhanced solutions could leapfrog classical limitations. Our findings underscore the urgency of localized quantum research investments to bridge the global technological divide, with pulse optimization serving as a foundational tool for Africa’s emerging quantum ecosystem. This work provides a roadmap for adapting quantum control strategies to diverse socioeconomic contexts while maintaining scientific rigor.
The experimental optimization of a two-qubit controlled-ZZZ (cz) gate is realized following two different data-driven gradient-ascent pulse engineering (GRAPE) protocols with the aim of optimizing the gate operator and the output quantum state, respectively. For both GRAPE protocols, the key computation of gradients utilizes mixed information of the input ZZZ-control pulse and the experimental measurement. With an imperfect initial pulse in a flattop waveform, our experimental implementation shows that the cz gate is quickly improved and the gate fidelities subject to the two optimized pulses are around 99%. Our experimental study confirms the applicability of the data-driven GRAPE protocols in the gate optimization problem.